A&P laboratory reports

Instructions for your A&P laboratory reports

A complete laboratory report should follow the general form used in writing a professional scientific paper.
While you will complete the experiments in groups, each student must individually complete and write his or her own lab report.

General requirement:
• Section headings should be bold or underlined
• 4-6 pages including the cover page and the reference list
• Use a passive and narrative format

Your lab report must contain the all the sections indicated below. Each section is graded independently.

1. Cover page

– Title of Experiment
– Author’s name (you)
– Course and section
– Instructor
– Date

2. Abstract

The abstract is a summary of the experiment; including a statement of the purpose, a condensed description of the procedure (what was done?) and the results.
• It should be no more than half a page.

3. Introduction

– The introduction should be extensive, so it is recommended to enrich it with information from sources other than your lab manual.
– Provide background information. (Define terminology, current principles & theories that relate to the experiment and the topic covered in class. This should include the Anatomy and Physiology of the organ, organ system or topic concerned.
– At the end of this section, you should state the major objective of your experiment (this should be concise).
– Identify clearly which variables or conditions are being monitored in your experiment. Namely the independent, dependent and control (if applicable) variables.
– State hypothesis clearly, what-do you expect to happen, based on your prior knowledge laid out in the earlier part of the introduction.
Example: If x is done, then y will happen. Avoid random guesses.

4. Materials

– List equipment or supplies needed (could be a paragraph or bullet format)
– As you list the supplies add a brief description of each (composition, consistence, color …). That could be relevant in assessing the result of your experiment.

5. Methods (procedure)

-Provide step by step instruction for conducting the experiment (narrative/instructional paragraph)

6. Results:

– Provide a detailed summary of your observations (what happened with each individual sample in different conditions?). Avoid using vague terms such as “change”, “no change”
– The content of tables, graphs and sketches, etc. should be made clear without explaining WHY the results are such).
– Avoid drawing conclusion in this section
– Present data collected using drawings, figures, tables, or graph if appropriate.

7. Discussion

In this section, you should indicate whether your hypothesis was supported (restate it) or not, knowing that a hypothesis cannot be proven by a single experiment.
Explain your results, to the best of your ability, you should explain:
• what was occurring during your experiment
• how and why you obtained the results you did
• try to identify and explain any possible sources of error.
You should interpret your results as “supportive of” or “failed to support” the hypothesis.

8. Clinical/real life implications:

In this section explain:
– How does the information learned from this experiment relate to a concrete real-life practical application or clinical/hospital condition or process?
– How might this information be used? What are the implications of your results?

9. Alternative experiment (optional):

Formulate a new experiment that might be used to lend more support to the hypothesis stated in the experiment above or develop a new hypothesis based on your results.
 The alternative experiment should cover the same topic as the main experiment.
 The independent variable must be different from the one in the main experiment.

The alternative experiment should include 3 sections:

 Title: similar to the one used for the main experiment
 Hypothesis: if variable the independent variable was changed this way, then the dependent variable would change that way.
 Procedure: describe a step by step procedure showing how you would concretely manipulate the dependent variable.

Here are some ideas:
Determining blood type using known red blood cells (not serums containing anti-A, anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies)
Diffusion of proteins and amino acids through dialysis tubing

10. Reference list

Literature cited section consists of a list of references which should include the author’s name, initials, year of publication, journal, specific volume, and the pages. For example: When referencing a journal: Keilin, D., 1925. Proc. Rev. Soc. London, B98: 312-329.
When referencing books: Eckert, R., and D. Randell, 1978. Animal Physiology. 1st ed. W.H.Freeman and Co. 510 pp.

Note: Scientific reports should be written in third person, refrain from using I when writing the paper, For example: Instead of “I placed a drop of solution …” write, “the researcher placed a drop …” or’ “A drop of solution was placed on the slide.” Instead of writing “I learned”, write “Several conclusions can be drawn”.

4 pages including the cover page and the reference list

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