Form 2 separate responses, adding content, to each post below
#1
Influenza viruses usually are spherical or elliptical like bodied 10 times smaller than the thickness of a sheet of paper. Made from various proteins and enzymes along with RNA, the flu viruses frequently change their antigens to create waves of influenza. The influenzas I know to infect birds as well. According to Bradford Hawley a research starter in Magill’s Medical Guide, influenza is an acute respiratory infection, caused by a viral infection, with symptoms of fever, malaise, headache, muscle pain, coughing, nasal congestion, shivering and sore throat (Hawley, 2019).
The influenza affects all people, mostly those in densely populated areas where it can easily spread. According to Hawley, unvaccinated populations may be the primary infected, upwards of 10-50% unvaccinated (Hawley, 2019). Through close contact and respiratory secretions, both small and large droplets through sneezing and or coughing, that attaches through the respiratory tract. The financial aspect of the influenza in the hospitals may be in the upwards of billions. From lost wages to the burden of the uninsured that go to the hospitals. Environmentally the flu has killed more humans in history than any other pandemic. With a vaccine made every year, according to Hawley, the influenza vaccines are about 80% effective for the reduction and possible the prevention of the illness (Hawley, 2019).
Some of the nursing priorities can education prior to and during the flu seasons. Vaccination education, and vaccination supportive education for those in the lower income and densely populated areas where sever cases are known to break out. Knowing the signs and symptoms of the flu, and proper hygiene around those who may be infected. According to Hawley, influenza vaccines are highly recommended for people who are at risk such as the elderly, underlying cardiopulmonary disease, pregnant women, and those who are immunocompromised 9Hawley, 2019). For the case study above, another 4 plex test should be run, to see, Flu-A, flu-B, RSV, and COVID. Other complications can be pneumonia, and electrolyte imbalances. Education of the patients on proper nutrition and fluid intake is a must. Hawley stated that if secondary bacterial pneumonia occurs, antibacterial agents may be directed towards them, especially Staphylococcus aureus. Nursing priorities may include, treatment of underlying disease, and present illness.
Most education will be geared towards primary education of vaccines, and hygiene to reduce the spread of the flu. Education on the spread of the virus and the commonly infected persons to keep clear of during the peak seasons. For the above case study, everything should go through an interpreter, the primary goal for any patient is education in any language to a point where they can understand and teach back what they learned and know.
Members of the interdisciplinary team will include, but not limited to, nurses, techs, primary doctors, interpreters, dieticians, pharmacists, and family of the patients. The CDC and epidemiologists may be part in the behind the scenes for the data collections.
References
Hawley, H. B., M. D. (2019). Influenza. Magill’s Medical Guide (Online Edition).
Regan, J., Fowlkes, A., Biggerstaff, M., Jhung, M. A., Gindler, J., Kennedy, E., Fields, V., & Finelli, L. (2012). Epidemiology of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09-associated deaths in the United States, September-October 2009. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 6(6), e169–e177.
#2
Influenza is a contagious respiratory infection that comes from several flu viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs (National Institute of Health [NIH], 2020). Flu generally lasts a few weeks and patients present with fever, chills, muscle aches, cough, congestion, headache as well as fatigue and in some cases progresses to pneumonia and eventually death (NIH, 2020). According to the Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 9 to 45 million cases have infected the US yearly since 2010 leading to 12,000-61,000 deaths (2021). According to the CDC the best way to prevent the flu is an annual vaccine although those that live in poverty have a low vaccine rate and a high flu rate (2021). The NIH states that influenza Type A is the group that most commonly causes illness in humans and has been the culprit for major influenza pandemics in modern history (2020).
Treatment for the flu after a diagnostic swab test that distinguishes which type has infected the patient will include promptly treating with antivirals (CDC, 2021). Additional interventions in children would be checking ears for infection and keeping the patient as comfortable as possible with symptoms by use of saline spray/drops, humidifiers, and keeping the patient hydrated and rested.
For education I would use an interpreter provided by the hospital or a language line to communicate with the patient in their language. Since there is a greater risk for complications in the very young and the very old, I would education the patient’s grandmother about getting the yearly vaccination against the flu in the future for both herself and her granddaughter to prevent sickness (CDC, 2021). Other teaching directed towards both grandma and patient would include the importance of handwashing and covering coughs and sneezes and staying home when sick to prevent the spread of the virus. The patients grandmother would also be taught signs to look for incase the patient’s condition go worse and she needed medical care, like fever over 101.4, she would be given instructions to see her pediatrician for another checkup as well as the importance of taking the antiviral medication dose as prescribed.
Members of the interdisciplinary team would include the nurse, the physician, the interpreter, possibly a respiratory therapist if she needs a treatment, and case management.
References
National Institute of Health. (2020). Influenza. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/influenza
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Influenza (Flu). https://www.cdc.gov/flu/index.htm
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