Following are the questions, the detailed content is in the attached word file.
1.) AIR QUALITY
The graph below (A) shows air quality throughout a typical day in a city of two hundred thousand people in Saudi Arabia. It shows the concentrations of ozone (O3), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) over a 24-hour day. JNO2 is the rate of loss of NO2 from the atmosphere. Time of day is in 24-hour notation (e.g. 7 is 7:00 am; 15 is 3:00 pm). Figure (B) shows NO2 concentrations over time in the United States from 1980 to 2018.
a.) Why do NO (red) and NO2 (blue) show similar patterns (Figure A)? (2 pts)
b.) Explain what controls the urban ozone concentration (green) in Figure A. (2 pts)
c.) What would be different about these curves if it was raining all day? You can describe and/or draw the differences for comparison (3 pts)
d.) Please explain the decreasing trend of NO2 concentrations in the US from 1980-2018 (Figure B). What led to the decrease in urban air pollution in the US over this time period? (3 pts)
2.) LOCAL RIVERS
a.) Explain discharge data for Town Brook (Figure A). When is discharge high? When is it low? Why? Discharge is measured in volume per time (ft3/sec). (2 points)
b.) Explain discharge data for Charles River (Figure B). When is discharge high? When is it low? Why? Discharge is measured in volume per time (ft3/sec). (2 points)
c.) Compare Town Brook to the Charles River. What is similar? What is different? (2 pts)
d.) Compare the years 2019 and 2020. What is similar? What is different? (2 points)
e.) Which one of these two watersheds appears to be more impermeable? What does this mean for the likelihood of flooding? Why? (2 points)
3) NEPONSET RIVER WATERSHED
The Neponset River Watershed is about 340 km2 in area and includes parts of 14 cities and towns.
a.) Is the Neponset River Watershed healthy? What measurements in Neponset River Estuary (at the mouth of the Neponset River) would imply that the Neponset River Watershed (the land) was healthy? Please describe 2 indicators (measurements) of estuarine health, and what sources/processes in the watershed lead them to have impacts on the estuary. (5 points)
b.) How much is a clean, healthy Neponset River Watershed ecosystem worth (in dollars)? Explain how you determined this value. (5 points)
c.) Please list three (3) ecosystem services that the Neponset River Watershed could provide you personally. Describe the circumstances (when, where) that you could benefit from these ecosystem services. (3 points)
Humans are increasing the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels. An emergent property of this complex system is an increase in global average temperatures. The climate system is a complex system characterized by thresholds and feedbacks loops.
a.) Give three examples of thresholds or tipping points in environmental science. (3 points)
b.) Please describe two positive feedback loops in the climate system. (2 points)
c.) Please describe two negative feedback loops in the climate system. (2 points)
d.) Why is there uncertainty in predicting how climate will change? (3 points)
5.) SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS
We have examined semi-enclosed ecosystems where mass is conserved inside the boundaries, and only energy (light, heat) is exchanged.
a.) Do you think a goldfish could live in Biosphere 2 for five years? Explain your reasoning considering life span, and carbon, water, and energy needs. (2 points)
b.) Do you think a bald eagle could live in Biosphere 2 for five years? Explain your reasoning considering life span, and carbon, water, and energy needs. (2 points)
c.) Describe the water cycle within Biosphere 2. How did the Biospherians obtain clean drinking water? Please explain. (4 points)
d.) Describe the energy balance in Biosphere 2. What were the energy inputs? What were the energy outputs? Were they balanced throughout the year? (4 points)
6.) TINY HOMES
A tiny house is a good example of a semi-closed system so you can keep track of what comes in and out.
a.) Suppose you bring 50 pounds of groceries into your tiny house each week. Please estimate how many pounds of each type of waste leaves your tiny home each week. Does this add up to 50 pounds? Why or why not? Where do the various forms end up? (5 points)
b.) If you install a low flow (1.8 gallon/min) showerhead instead of a regular (3.3 gallon/min) showerhead, how much water would you save for a 10-minute shower? (3 points)
c.) Your gas company charges you for the amount of natural you use each month in therms. How much energy (in gallons of gasoline) do you use if you use 400 therms natural gas in a year? You can use the following website calculator to help you convert units, but please show your work. How far could you drive a car in month with the same energy? (2 points)
http://www.onlineconversion.com/energy.htm
7.) ENERGY SOURCES–SOLAR POWER
Burning fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and petroleum emits CO2 which leads to climate change. There are alternative energy sources that lead to much lower emissions of CO2, but each have pros and cons.
a.) How does an artificial leaf work? Where does the energy come from? What is the resulting form of energy? How is this stored? (4 points)
b.) What are some of the benefits of using hydrogen fuel cells? What are some of the limitations? Be specific. (4 points)
c.) What are some environmental advantages of using artificial leafs combined with fuel cells? (2 points)
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