Post University Types of Discrimination Discussion

Description answer to peers Hayley R RE: Unit 4.1 DB: Differences  One would say that racism is a type of discrimination, but discrimination judges faiths, gender, sexual orientation, economic status, political affiliation, or other characteristics (Karger & Stoesz, 2017). It should be noted that discrimination can occur in people of the same factors, but racism is between two separate races. Discrimination is more than biased beliefs. It is the actions that exclude and oppress people within and outside a group. For example, forced acclimation to immigrants to teach their children English is just as harmful as said culture rejecting these English-speaking children. Discrimination can escalate to harassment and violent acts, which are traumatic (2017). Another lasting damage of discrimination is how it adds to oppression. It is discrimination why people are underpaid, glanced over for jobs, misdiagnosed by professionals, denied welfare, and lack rights (2017). This student lives in a low socioeconomic town Miami AZ, and most businesses are 2-10 miles away in other cities that are a class above (Data USA). That said, hospitals only treat all Miami patients under the policy for substance abuse. Gila county, in general, are full of drug dealers and people addicted to meth, but other cities are given the benefit of the doubt. Reference: Karger, H. J., & Stoesz, D. (2017). American Social Welfare Policy (8th Edition). Pearson Education (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9780134543468 Miami, AZ | Data USA. (n.d.). Datausa.io. Retrieved January 31, 2022, from https://datausa.io/profile/geo/miami-az/ Marie S RE: Unit 4.1 DB: Differences Professor/Class, Both racism and discrimination are concepts that are widely condemned in the world. The former makes people feel inferior to them, while the latter makes them behave in a way that is discriminatory. In other words, racism is a type of discrimination. It is difficult to separate the two from one another. However, discrimination is a category of racism. We all know that discrimination is a generic term that refers to the process of discriminating against people based on their race, gender, and other personal characteristics. For instance, it is common for people of Hispanic origin to be stereotyped. During the American Civil War, the word discrimination was often used to describe the treatment of blacks Olivia (2011). Due to the significant difference in color of skin, discrimination is also conducted against women in all cultures. In most cases, women are treated in a biased manner to make them look good. The belief that races and culture are far superior to others is considered racism. During the Second World War, the Nazis murdered thousands of Jews in Germany. Dictionary defines racism as a belief that people of other races are inferior to them. This belief then leads to an increase in social and behavioral changes Olivia (2011). Another example of racism is casteism. In this form of discrimination, people belonging to higher castes often treat lower castes in an inhumane manner. It is a practice that involves intentionally, or preferential treatment based on an individual’s various characteristics. Due to the feelings of inferiority, racism is often used to treat other people as inferior. This form of discrimination has caused conflicts and wars between different communities Olivia (2011). Many white Americans believe that the US has made significant changes in granting Black and white people equal rights, a study revealed. However, only 8% of African Americans believe that this is the case. Race-based discrimination is a type of prejudice that often occurs when a group is perceived as inferior. It can lead to various detrimental effects, such as an increase in the risk of being a victim of police violence. Members of privileged groups can also experience racial prejudice. However, this difference can be compared to the experiences of systemic racism Cole (2020). According to Merriam-Webster, prejudice is a type of biased opinion that one has formed without having sufficient knowledge. It can be used to describe the actions and jokes of people that are not related to their own experiences. While prejudice can be negative, it can also be positive. For instance, if someone holds a biased view toward another group, it can be considered a positive reflection. When Jack was a young boy, he experienced the pain of being called a racial slur due to his German heritage. Although he was not aware of the exact repercussions of this type of prejudice, he experienced it firsthand. While it can cause frustration and anger, it is rare that people would experience further negative effects from being called a dumb blond-haired person. There has been no research suggesting that hair color has any effect on one’s access to various social and legal rights Cole (2020). Race scholars Michael Omi and Howard Winant define racism as a type of representation that occurs when the race is divided into various categories. This inequality of power produces an unjust hierarchy that affects the lives of people of color. During the time of African slavery, the use of offensive terms such as the racial slur was prevalent. It deeply affected various racial stereotypes. The n-word is still used today to perpetuate racial inequality. It can be used to refer to an entire group or simply an individual. The prevalence of racial slurs and other forms of racism fuels structural inequality in society. It can be seen in the disproportionate police force and arrest of Black men, as well as the various forms of discrimination and harassment that happen when people of color are subjected to different treatment by the law. Although many forms of prejudice are problematic, the difference between them and others is quite different. For instance, those who have homophobic and racial biases are different from those with similar beliefs Cole (2020).                                                            References Cole, N. (2020, July 16). What is the Difference Between Prejudice and Racism?Https://Www.Thoughtco.Com/Racism-vs-Prejudice-3026086. https://www.thoughtco.com/racism-vs-prejudice-3026… O. (2011, November 15). Difference Between Discrimination and Racism. Https://Www.Differencebetween.Com/Difference-between-Discrimination-and-vs-Racism/. https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-betwe… Inmundo T RE: Unit 4.2 DB: Model Minority Good day class,  The model minority is a demography of people who are seen to have achieved greater socioeconomic success than the general population and hence serve as a reference group for outgroups. Educational attainment, representation in management and professional jobs, and household income, as well as other socioeconomic variables like low crime and strong family/marital stability, are used to quantify relative success. Although many European nations have conceptions of classism that caricature ethnic groups in the same way as the United States, the concept of the model minority is predominantly connected with American society. The paper aims at creating an understanding of how model minorities result in an act of discrimination. “Model Minority” seems like a compliment, but it does great harm to individuals and society. According to Concepcion et al. (2020), the most egregious effect of the model minority title is that it fails to recognize socioeconomic and educational gaps within the varied variety of Asian-American groups. Not every ethnic group that falls under the Asian-American umbrella benefits. A prevalent misunderstanding is that the afflicted groups take pride in their status as model minorities (Thompson et al., 2020). The model minority stereotype, on the other hand, is seen as harmful to relevant minority populations because it is used to justify the isolation of such groups from the allocation of (public and private) aid programs, as well as to minimize or minimize the accomplishments of individuals inside that minority. In addition, the model minority concept puts ethnic groups against each other by implying that non-model communities are to blame for performing poorly of the model minority’s level of accomplishment and assimilation. Despite the reality that distinct groups suffer racism in diverse ways, publications such as National Public Radio (NPR) have critiqued the idea for possibly homogenizing the perspectives of Asian Americans on the one hand and Hispanics and Black Americans on the other (Chen et al., 2021). Critics further claim that the concept maintains the misconception that any minority can achieve economic success without aid since it ignores the disparities between Asian Americans’ and Black Americans’, as well as Hispanics’, histories in the United States. In conclusion, the model minority does more harm than good. The stereotype puts individuals against each other, creating a hierarchical system in which Asians are frequently depicted at the top. The myth hinders us from working together toward universal emancipation by pitting people of color against one another. References Chen, S. Y., Chang, T. F., & Shih, K. Y. (2021). Model Minority Stereotype: Addressing Impacts of Racism and Inequities on Asian American Adolescents Development. Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling, 7(2), 118-131. Concepcion, E., Luu, J., Orbita, J., & Tran, J. (2020). (Re) Model Minority: A Discussion of the Past and Present. Thompson, T. L., Kiang, L., & Witkow, M. R. (2020). Discrimination, the model minority stereotype, and peer relationships across the high school years. Journal of youth and adolescence, 49(9), 1884-1896. Hayley R RE: Unit 4.2 DB: Model Minority  Discrimination does not value an individual’s merit but overgeneralizes a group to be the same. Even if the belief is positive, it is still harmful as it holds an expectation that existed before meeting an individual. Model minority beliefs do not honor any culture but enforce acculturation and excuse racial injustice as minorities’ choice (Ifatunji, 2016). This does not break cycles of being denied opportunities to be trusted by darker-skinned races African-Americans, Native Americans, or Muslims. Professor Frank Wu explained that the model minority’s popularity denigrates other minorities (Dueaji & Sterling, 2017). This is problematic as think tanks themselves require diverse people to come together for change, and this propaganda prevents minorities from coming together. One knows that conflicts in beliefs and worldviews from other discriminatory beliefs will prevent people from getting along, but multiple sides united creates change. References: Duwaji, O., & Sterling, A. (2017). Why Do We Call Asian Americans The Model Minority? | AJ+ [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrDbvSSbxk8 Ifatunji, M. A. (2016). A Test of The AFRO CARIBBEAN MODEL MINORITY HYPOTHESIS. Du Bois Review, 13(1), 109-138. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X16000035 Shannon C RE: Unit 4.3 DB: Prejudicial Attitudes Professor and class, In this discussion, the author must discuss how prejudicial attitudes (cultural, moral, religious, political, etc.) developed in our society. In addition, she must explain how it impacts the field of human services. Prejudicial attitudes are likely to negatively impact minority communities. The main theories reflected in the literature fall into three broad categories: psychological, normative–cultural, and economic (Karger & Stoesz, 2018, p. 6). Prejudicial treatment may be demonstrated in various ways. This prejudicial treatment may take the form of differential hiring and firing practices and promotions, differential resource allocations in health care and education, a two-tier transportation system, segregated housing policies, discriminatory behavior of judicial and law enforcement agencies, and/or stereotypical and prejudicial media images (Karger & Stoesz, 2018, p. 61). As a future counselor, it may be beneficial to have a better understanding of where these influences began, and how it might impact our work. According to Karger & Stoesz (2018, p. 60), normative–cultural explanation suggests that individuals hold prejudicial attitudes because of their socialization. One’s surroundings may likely have a greater influence on personal attitudes and values. Through overt and covert messages, a society teaches discrimination and rewards those who conform to prevailing attitudes and behaviors (Karger & Stoesz, 2018, p. 60). Fear of punishment or exile may encourage societies to conform even if they do not wish to. Because of strong societal pressures to conform to established norms, resistance to discriminatory practices becomes difficult (Karger & Stoesz, 2018, p. 60). For example, whites that did not agree with racism against African Americans were ridiculed for their resistance. Special opprobrium in the old South was reserved for liberal whites who broke the norms governing interactions with African Americans (Karger & Stoesz, 2018, p. 60). Society sets the precedent that it is O.K. to judge and treat others differently based on their race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religious affiliation, or political beliefs. For example, society often treats women as second class citizens.   This stereotype is well known due to its impact on women. As a result, women are often discriminated in the workforce. For instance, male workers may discriminate against female workers because they perceive them as encroaching on their employment prospects (Karger & Stoesz, 2018, p. 60). Future employers then become exposed to prejudicial attitudes, which continues to perpetuate this stigmatization. The Bible is another resource said to explain how prejudicial attitudes developed in our society. To that end, some have used the Bible to explain the inferiority of women, the “sin” of homosexuality, and the necessity of separating the races (Karger & Stoesz, 2018, p. 60). For example, some people maintain that menstrual cycles cause severe mood swings that make women incapable of holding positions of power (Karger & Stoesz, 2018, p. 60). Others believe that African Americans are descended from Ham and have committed biblical sins that justify discrimination (Karger & Stoesz, 2018, p. 60). Some people claim that African Americans are racially inferior, based on theories supported by dodgy anthropological theories supported by dubious intelligence testing (Karger & Stoesz, 2018, p. 60). Influential religious leaders are likely to enforce these attitudes, encouraging every society to adapt to this perspective. Prejudicial attitudes are likely to impact the field of human services. If/when racism occurs within the human services field, it may be referred to as institutional racism. A pattern of racial discrimination that is strongly entrenched in a society (Karger & Stoesz, 2018, p. 61). Prejudicial attitudes, for example, may deter a social work from offering help to a minority, providing adequate resources, and inaccurate data reporting. These attitudes may encourage professionals to view disenfranchised clients as “lazy”, or “unworthy” of their help. Families in need may be denied access to help, due to prejudices attitudes of the workers. A conservative counselor may criticize an LGBTQ member due to homosexuality “being a sin of God”. It is crucial for human service professionals to be knowledgeable of previous biases, and practice with morals and ethics. Discrimination of any kind is not tolerated in the human service profession. Professionals may always refer to the American Counseling Association (ACA) code of ethics to review important guidelines. Discrimination is emphasized as an important ethical code for human service workers. According to the ACA (p. 9) c.5., counselors do not condone or engage in discrimination against prospective or current clients, students, employees, supervisees, or research participants based on age, culture, disability, ethnicity, race, religion/spirituality, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, marital/ partnership status, language preference, socioeconomic status, immigration status, or any basis proscribed by law. Beneficence is one fundamental principle in the code of ethics. Beneficence, or working for the good of the individual and society by promoting mental health and well-being (ACA, 2014, p. 3). This mean professionals must focus on the growth of their client rather than placing judgement for their personal values. References: ACA. (2014). 2014 Code of Ethics- American Counseling Association. Retrieved January 30,   2022, from https://www.counseling.org/resources/aca-code-of-ethics.pdf Karger, H. K. & Stoesz, D. (2018). American social welfare policy: A pluralist approach (8th ed).  Boston, MA.: Allyn and Bacon.  Darren E RE: Unit 4.3 DB: Prejudicial Attitudes Hello Professor and Classmates:          One can easily report that prejudicial attitudes can date back from the 1700’s to present with slave trade, the worthy and unworthy poor theory, to laisse-faire concept, settlement houses, to the debates on who would receive federal aid for unemployment, etc. In the words of  Helen Hall who conducted the 1928 Study of Unemployment for the National Federation of Settlement, she stated, “when we shared our  stories of hunger and unemployment on Capital Hill, we only were met with callous indifference” from the Hoover Administration and it was  no surprise that the social work community turned away from the President (Trattner, 1994). It appeared that Hoover was not concerned about  the unemployed and their ability or inability to feed themselves or their families, “failed to recognize or admit the seriousness of the problem  and felt that relief to those in need was a moral issue and not about economics” (Trattner, 1994). It can clearly be seen that a prejudical attitude was imposed as government failed to even begin to take a look at the public needs and did not consider themselves as public servants who  should be working on behalf of its citizens mindsets have been woven into the very fabric of American history and have evolved over time; however, policies are created only after one policy has failed and not accommodated society to the benefit of its citizens. Reform towards addressing racism and discrimination throughout America has been an ongoing process, even to present day.            From a hiring and firing point of view in the human resource division, the following is a prime example of how prejudical attitudes can influence and eliminate qualified persons in positions of power. To maintain being legitimate, discrimination must have moral, social, and meaning to motivate others. To that end, some haveused the Bible to explain the inferiority of women, the “sin” of homosexuality, and the necessity of separating the races. For example,  some people maintain that menstrual cycles cause severe mood swings that make women incapable of holding meaningful positions.”Others believe that African Americans are descended from Ham and have committed biblical sins  that justify discrimination. Some people claim that African Americans are racially inferior, based on theories supported by dodgy  anthropological theories supported by dubious intelligence testing” (Karger & Stoesz, 2018). This writer introduced this entire scenario from  the readings to point to the fact that if any of these issues were true, it would disqualify many women, women of color, people with different belief or living situations from positions that are held in America today. There would be no women or LGBQT persons with managerial or administrative positions, professors, doctors, lawyers, etc. that were able to assist those individuals who seek help from those who “look or understand a lifestyle like their own.”   Affirmative Action has paved the way to address these issues, yet America still has a long way to go.  Karger and Stoesz (2018) further reported that social stigma and discrimination can lead to the transformation of disenfranchised groups into a lower socioeconomic class which alternatively, as in the case of gays, lesbians, and the aged, social stigma and discrimination can result in social marginalization without  triggering statistically observable economic discrimination. They also pointed out that although the individual incomes of gays and lesbians (and the assets of the elderly) are higher than the national averages, people in these groups often experience economic discrimination in the  form of restricted career choices, including forced occupational clustering, limited access to upper managerial positions, discrimination in  hiring practices, and forced retirement (Karger & Stoesz, 2018). With these discriminatory or prejudical practices in place, knowingly or unknowingly, it deprives an individual of accomplishing the goal of becoming their highest self and retiring with a modest income to sustain  their lifestyle in retirement. It is worthy to note from a social work standpoint that the New Deal which was implemented as an unprecedented American law gave social workers the opportunity to not only work on behalf of the individual but the government as well to distribute aid equally which include all categories of people (Trattner, 1994). This, for persons in the human services or social work fields gives a peace to  work on behalf of for persons of all genders, race, cultures, ethnicities, etc. without prejudice. The voice of the individual and the people is the most important voice to be heard no matter who one is, where they come from and where they are going.                                                                                           References Karger, H. K. and Stoesz, D. (2018).  American Social Welfare Policy:  A Pluralist Approach (8th Edition).  Boston, MA.  Allyn and Bacon. Trattner, W. I. (1994).  From Poor Law to Welfare State (6th Edition).  New York.  Simon and Schuster.  The Free Press. 2007.