Purdue Global University W9 Cyberstalking Crime Mapping & Legislation Discussion

Description Our technological powers increase, but the side effects and potential hazards also escalate. —Alvin Toffler, Future Shock Even the most skilled investigators, prosecutors, and legislators of the 21st century face challenges in addressing new and emerging uses of technology for criminal behavior. Advancements in technologies have created a virtual playground for criminals. How can laws and courts keep up with the sheer volume and complexity of today’s cybercrimes? Social networking sites, proxy servers, and mobile devices encompass complex technical issues and related criminal behavior that legislation must address. In this module, you examine ramifications and impacts of legislation being unable to keep pace with the use of technology in criminal behavior. You also submit your Final Project. Learning Objectives Evaluate effectiveness of cyber-stalking laws for protecting victims Evaluate effectiveness of cyber-stalking laws for deterring offenders Analyze limitations in cyber-stalking legislation Justify interrogation based on crime mapping Analyze evolution of cybercrimes Analyze influence of technology on the evolution of cybercrimes Analyze ramifications of legislation being unable to keep pace with emerging uses of technology for criminal behavior Analyze impacts on society of legislation being unable to keep pace with emerging uses of technology for criminal behavior Analyze cybercrime legislation Learning Resources Required Readings Taylor, R. W., Fritsch, E. J., Saylor, M., R. &  Tafoya, W. L. (2019). Cyber crime and cyber terrorism (4th ed.). Pearson. Chapter 8, “Sex Crimes, Victimization, and Obscenity” (pp. 190-238) Chapter 10, “Digital Laws and Legislation” (pp. 270-288) Daras, N. J., & Alexopoulos, A. (2017). Mathematical description of cyber-attacks and proactive defences. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, 7(1), 71-142. Dardis, C. M., Strauss, C. V., & Gidycz, C. A. (2018). The psychological toll of unwanted pursuit behaviors and intimate partner violence on undergraduate women: A dominance analysis. Psychology of Violence. doi:10.1037/vio0000189. DeMatteo, D., Wagage, S., & Fairfax-Columbo, J. (2017). Cyberstalking: Are we on the same (web)page? A comparison of statutes, case law, and public perception. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 9(2), 83-94. Goyal, N., & Goyal, D. (2017). Cyber crime in the society: Security issues, preventions and challenges. Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 8(2), 73-80. Ka?ciak, A. (2016). An analysis of the legal systems and mechanisms introduced in the European Union in the fight against cyberspace threats 1. Internal Security, 8(2), 195-224. Levi, M. (2017). Assessing the trends, scale and nature of economic cybercrimes: Overview and issues. Crime, Law and Social Change, 67(1), 3-20. Mandala, M. (2016). Policing cybercrime and cyberterror. Security Journal, 29(3), e13-e15. Marcum, C. D., Higgins, G. E., & Nicholson, J. (2017). I’m watching you: Cyberstalking behaviors of university students in romantic relationships. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(2), 373-388. McQuade, B. I. (2016). Police and the post-9/11 surveillance surge: “technological dramas” in “the bureaucratic field.” Surveillance & Society, 14(1), 1-19. Mittal, S., & Sharma, P. (2017). Enough law of horses and elephants debated…Let’s discuss the cyber law seriously. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 8(5), 1343-1348. Ngo, F., & Jaishankar, K. (2017). Commemorating a decade in existence of the international journal of cyber criminology: A research agenda to advance the scholarship on cyber crime. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 11(1), 1-9. Spitzberg, B. H. (2017). Acknowledgment of unwanted pursuit, threats, assault, and stalking in a college population. Psychology of Violence, 7(2), 265-275. Working to Halt Online Abuse. (2016). US laws. Retrieved from http://www.haltabuse.org/resources/laws Required Media Technological Solutions and 21st-Century Crime: Crime Mapping. An animated description of crime mapping. This includes a case study where a woman is incorrectly suspected of prostitution in an area with higher incidents of this crime. This animation video can be used as a starter for student consideration of legal issues involving crime mapping. (2m)  Week 9 Discussion: Cyber-Stalking Legislation In 1990, California became the first state in the United States to enact stalking legislation. Currently, all 50 states and the federal government have statutes that attempt to address this type of crime. However, many of these statutes fail to address stalking via the Internet, and many cyber-stalking crimes go unprosecuted. In 1999, California also became the first state to enact cyber-stalking legislation. As states attempt to enact new legislation related to cyber-stalking, many issues arise due to potential conflicts with civil rights, such as freedom of speech and right to privacy. For this Discussion, refer to the web resource “U.S. Laws” in the Learning Resources to research any cyber-stalking laws within your state of residence. If you do not reside in the United States, research cyber-stalking laws in your country of residence. Think about the degree to which these laws are effective for protecting victims and deterring offenders. Then consider any limitations that exist in current legislation related to cyber-stalking. Post by Day 4 of Week 9 A description of any cyber-stalking laws in your state (or country of residence if you live outside the United States). Then explain whether or not the laws you identified are effective for protecting victims and deterring offenders. Finally, explain any limitations that exist in current legislation related to cyber-stalking. Respond by Day 6 of Week 9 to least two of your colleagues’ posts Choose a colleague who is from a different state or country than you. Expand on his or her post by offering differences or similarities between laws and discussing whether they might be beneficial to victims or deter offenders. Return to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting. Note what you have learned and/or any insights you have gained as a result of reading the comments your colleagues made. Submission and Grading Information Grading Criteria To access your rubric: Week 9 Discussion Rubric Post by Day 4 of Week 9 and Respond by Day 6 of Week 9 To Participate in this Discussion: Week 9 Discussion Week 10 Discussion: Crime Mapping and Geographic Profiling Crime maps display data on offenses, including the type of crime, and the locations and times the offenses occurred. One application of crime mapping is geographic profiling, a technique that uses crime maps to identify geographic areas where serial offenders are likely to reside or frequent. Suspects may be “prioritized” depending on how close they live to a high-crime area. Geographic profiling has had varying degrees of success. As with all areas of criminal profiling, there are questions about accuracy, usefulness, and biases inherent in geographic profiling. Critics say that geographic factors should be combined with a number of other contributing situational and behavioral factors beyond simply using a suspect’s location on a map. For this Discussion, review the media piece “Crime Mapping.” Consider whether or not the interrogation of the woman in the media piece was justified based on the information presented from the crime mapping. Post by Day 4 of Week 10 Your position on whether or not the interrogation of the woman in the media piece was justified based on the information presented from the crime mapping. Justify your response with references to the literature and Learning Resources. Respond by Day 6 of Week 10 to least two of your colleagues’ posts Try to choose a colleague who chose a different stance than you. Expand on his or her post by offering whether you can see his or her point of view, even if you disagree. Be respectful in your response. If your colleagues have not chosen a different stance, choose a colleague who has not been responded to or who has few responses to which you can add new insights. Return to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting. Note what you have learned and/or any insights you have gained as a result of reading the comments your colleagues made. Submission and Grading Information Grading Criteria To access your rubric: Week 10 Discussion Rubric Post by Day 4 of Week 10 and Respond by Day 6 of Week 10 To Participate in this Discussion: Week 10 Discussion Week 10 Assignment: Final Project Technology has changed lives in fundamental and positive ways. It also has opened the door to new types of cybercrime, which can run the gamut from identity theft to organizing terrorist plots. As each new type of crime comes to light, usually through a case that draws national attention, law enforcement and government entities respond using increasingly sophisticated surveillance technology. Law enforcement’s use of technology to prevent and combat cybercrime has prompted even greater “advances” in criminal activity with the use of encryption, anonymizers, and proxy servers. For the Final Project, you will provide an in-depth analysis of a cybercrime. You will select a cybercrime to use for the Final Project. You will then review how this type of crime evolved, how it gained national attention, and how it was influenced by technology. As you continue your analysis of the cybercrime, examine legislation, penalties, and how law enforcement might prevent and address the cybercrime. The Assignment: Using the Walden Writing Center APA Course Paper Template, write a 10- to 12-page paper (not counting the title page and References page) that includes the following elements: Introduction: Describe the type of cybercrime you selected. Explain the evolution of the cybercrime, including when the cybercrime gained national attention and any circumstances or cases that might have prompted the national attention. Explain how technology has influenced the evolution of the cybercrime. Body: Describe legislation related to the cybercrime. Explain limitations and/or gaps related to the legislation. Explain penalties in your state or country of residence for engaging in the cybercrime. Explain the degree to which the penalties you identified are adequate for penalizing the offender. Explain challenges law enforcement might face in efforts to prevent and address the cybercrime. Conclusion: Explain how law enforcement might utilize technological solutions to prevent and address the cybercrime. Explain how law enforcement might utilize technology to benefit society and effect social change. Support your Assignment with specific references to all resources used in its preparation. You are to provide a reference list for all resources, including those in the Learning Resources for this course. Submit by Day 7 of Week 10 Submission and Grading Information To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following: Please save your Assignment using the naming convention. “WK10Assgn+lastname+firstinitial.(extension)” as the name. Click the Week 10 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.  Click the Week 10 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area. Next, from the Attach File area, click the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK10Assgn+lastname+firstinitial.(extension)” and click Open. If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database. Click the Submit button to complete your submission. Grading Criteria To access your rubric: Week 10 Final Project Assignment Rubric Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity To check your Assignment draft for authenticity: Submit your Week 10 Final Project Assignment draft and review the originality report. Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 10 To submit your Assignment: Week 10 Final Project Assignment Week 11 Discussion: Cybercrime Legislation A gap exists between current trends in cybercrime and the government’s response via legislation and regulations. In the face of jurisdictional issues, constitutional issues, and a complex maze of federal and local statutes, it is difficult to identify a cohesive and efficient legal response to the ever-evolving nature of computer-related crimes. Rapidly advancing technology and its use in criminal behavior makes it difficult for legislation to keep pace in efforts to prevent and address cybercrime. There is a pressing need to implement strategies to better prepare for emerging trends in crime and to coordinate with a variety of business, social, and educational institutions; all levels of government; and other nations around the world. For this Discussion, consider the ramifications of legislation being unable to keep pace with emerging uses of technology for criminal behavior. Post by Day 4 of Week 11 A description of two possible ramifications of legislation being unable to keep pace with emerging uses of technology for criminal behavior. Then provide possible ways to address each ramification. Finally, explain any impacts on society of legislation being unable to keep pace with emerging uses of technology for criminal behavior.