Assignment: Alzheimer’s disease

Assignment: Alzheimer’s disease

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Ramona Wilkerson

Jersey College

Coronary artery disease has been identified in earlier studies as a self-governing risk factor for Alzheimer disease and computed tomography–based coronary artery calcium, an assess of the harshness of coronary atherosclerosis, has been connected with a higher risk of cognitive impairment. However, change for white matter lesions, silent brain infarcts, cerebral microbleeds, and brain volumes has attenuated the observed connection between coronary artery calcium and cognition, suggesting that other vascular mechanisms play a role in forming Alzheimer disease. For these reasons, it would have been mainly fascinating to have neuroimaging information on the sick individual reported by Haring et al. Also, patients who had supplementary vascular complication, such as peripheral artery illness, or who had undergone all-encompassing procedures, counting coronary bypass surgery or carotid endarterectomy, were at higher risk for cognitive decline. The possible connection between carotid atherosclerosis and Alzheimer disease has been previously emphasized, leading to potential explanations, including the role of carotid atherosclerosis to silent or symptomatic cerebrovascular actions, or to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Furthermore, the existence of peripheral arterial disease, evaluated by the ankle-brachial index or with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, has an established association with lower cognitive purpose.

There is an increase number of persons in the society affected and suffering from CVD in the recent past and this has made the death related to CVD increase in the developing and globally as well and this has called for attention to the health agencies and sector to embark on research and find the cause. Simultaneously, an equivalent increases in the number of mild cognitive impairment have been increasing and this causes a heath burden threat to what might be the cause of all this incidence and more to the aging persons (http://jaha.ahajournals.org/).

Most of the researches have shown a strong link and connection between cardiovascular diseases (CVD), the risk factors associated with it and the increased incidences of Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive decline in individuals. It is therefore, true to suggest that most of the people diagnosed with subclinical cardiovascular disease possess a greater probability to be affected dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. In this context then most of the cardiovascular risk factors have a strong link to causing Alzheimer’s disease. Looking for example is the high-blood pressure, high, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and diabetes. In this connection, low or moderate alcohol intake appears to be protective for the cardiovascular and Alzheimer’s disease (Toledo, & Trojanowski, 2013). Alzheimer’s disease may be connected to cardiovascular disease, due to vascular risk factors. Preventing the cause of Plague build up in arteries, which is arthrosclerosis, prevents the buildup of plague in the brain, which could minimize risks of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Cognitive impairment is highly prevailing in the history, and it accounts for a massive part of the burden of disability and the use of healthcare assets. The principal types of dementia are Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. For several years, atherosclerosis was not considered to play a role in Alzheimer disease.

Specifically, women with myocardial infarction or other vascular diseases, such as peripheral artery disease, and invasive procedures, as well as coronary bypass surgery or carotid endarterectomy, were at privileged risk. On the other hand, no meaningful relationships were found for either atrial fibrillation or heart failure. Hypertension and diabetes were experiential to increase the risk of cognitive decline in women, while no significant trend was seen for adiposity. After excluding women with event stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) events after baseline, the authors found that the past of myocardial infarction and angina remained strongly associated with cognitive decline.

The authors did not account any etiological diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (i.e., vascular or degenerative), but they assessed the occurrence of mild cognitive impairment and probable Alzheimer disease. Since there has been a significant evolution in defining the features of cognitive syndromes associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease and their manifestations, it would have been useful to know Alzheimer disease, to assess the association of each disease with its risk factors accurately. Moreover, neuroimaging data were not reported, so that the company of parenchymal brain lesions remained unknown. Since vascular disease may signify vascular or degenerative processes, neuroimaging could have detected infarcts, white matter deterioration, and deeper or lobar microbleeds that would have helped in identifying small vessel disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy Despite these restrictions, the study was performed using appropriate neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric examination with a sufficient follow-up.