1) Natural selection can be defined as ______.

BIOL 143Exam 3 (ch13, 18, 28) Chapter 131) Natural selection can be defined as ______.A) the evolution of a population of organismsB) a process in which changes in gene frequencies result from evolutionC) the production of more offspring than can survive in a given environmentD) a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits 2) What did Darwin find in South America that suggested that the Andes mountains had been gradually lifted up over millions of years?A) bird fossils at the top of mountains in ArgentinaB) dinosaur bones in the Amazon basinC) marine snail fossils high up in the Andes mountainsD) impressions of ocean waves at the top of a mountain 3) Which of the following is a component of the fossil record?A) the distribution of murid rodents in Australia and AsiaB) the similarity of the forelimbs of cats and batsC) molecular sequencesD) bones of extinct whales 4) The oldest known fossils are from about ______ years ago.A) 3.5 billionB) 6,000C) 4.0 millionD) 1.0 billion 5) Homology is evidence of ______.A) biogeographyB) convergent evolutionC) natural selectionD) common ancestry 6) Which of the following is a population?A) the termites infesting your house along with the microorganisms living in their gutsB) all of the termites that have ever livedC) all organisms living in your houseD) the termites infesting your house   7) Which of the following is likely to be the result of polygenic inheritance?A) frecklesB) an extra fingerC) human heightD) ABO blood type 8) Genetic drift is the result of ______.A) natural selectionB) chanceC) a large gene poolD) environmental variation 9) Gene flow is accomplished by ______.A) migrationB) sexual recombinationC) mutationD) natural selection 10) What does evolutionary fitness measure?A) physical healthB) longevityC) relative reproductive successD) population size 11) Which of the following is an example of directional selection?A) The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same.B) There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.C) There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog.D) Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened. 12) Which of the following is an example of disruptive selection?A) The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same.B) There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.C) There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog.D) Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened. 13) Which of the following is most likely to decrease genetic variation?A) directional selectionB) mutationC) stabilizing selectionD) diversifying selection    14) Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection?A) The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same.B) There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.C) There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog.D) Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened. 15) Which of the following is an example of sexual selection?A) Bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics.B) Cheetahs experienced a population bottleneck.C) Peahens choose to mate with peacocks that have the most beautiful tails.D) Female butterflies have a higher survival rate than male butterflies. Chapter 1816) Ecology is the study of ______.A) lifeB) human effects on the environmentC) interactions between humans and other speciesD) interactions between organisms and their environments 17) Which of the following is abiotic?A) a protistB) a plantC) a fungusD) a rock 18) What level of ecology is concerned with groups of individuals of the same species?A) communityB) organismC) ecosystemD) population 19) What level of ecology is concerned with groups of individuals of different species?A) communityB) organismC) ecosystemD) population 20) What level of ecology is concerned with both the biotic and abiotic aspects of an environment?A) communityB) organismC) ecosystemD) population 21) Which nutrients often limit the distribution and abundance of photosynthetic organisms?A) water and oxygenB) nitrogen and phosphorusC) carbon dioxide and nitrogenD) water and carbon dioxide 22) Wetlands ______.A) are important in improving water qualityB) include rivers, streams, ponds, and lakesC) are an example of a marine biomeD) are found in the intertidal zone 23) What are estuaries?A) a type of freshwater biomeB) areas near the start of a riverC) regions where ocean meets landD) a transition area between a river and the ocean 24) Which of these biomes is one of the most biologically productive of all biomes?A) open oceansB) estuariesC) temperate grasslandsD) coniferous forests 25) What name is given to the region where sea meets land?A) pelagic realmB) intertidal zoneC) benthic realmD) aphotic zone 26) What name is given to the open ocean?A) pelagic realmB) intertidal zoneC) benthic realmD) photic zone 27) What name is given to the seafloor?A) pelagic realmB) intertidal zoneC) benthic realmD) aphotic zone     28) Which of these biomes is maintained by fire?A) temperate deciduous forestB) chaparral and savannaC) desert and chaparralD) savanna and temperate grassland 29) Permafrost, or permanently frozen subsoil, characterizes _____.A) temperate deciduous forestB) chaparralC) tundraD) coniferous forest 30) Water moves from land to the atmosphere through _____.A) precipitation onlyB) transpiration onlyC) transpiration and evaporationD) evaporation and precipitation 31) What fraction of Earth’s surface has been altered by human use?A) 25%B) 50%C) 75%D) 95% 32) The greenhouse effect causes an increase in global temperatures. This increase is primarily due to ______.A) CO2and other greenhouse gases allowing more solar radiation to penetrate Earth’s surfaceB) CO2and other greenhouse gases slowing the escape of UV radiation from EarthC) the loss of ozone that trapped cooling UV radiation in the atmosphereD) CO2and other greenhouse gases slowing the escape of heat from Earth 33) Temperature increases due to global warming have been greatest _____.A) close to the polesB) in the seaC) in the tropicsD) in deserts 34) The effect of deforestation has been to ______.A) decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphereB) increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphereC) increase the rate at which carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic materialD) increase the rate of carbon dioxide production through cellular respiration  Chapter 2835) Which of the following products used by humans sometimes comes from plants?A) fuelB) clothingC) foodD) all of the above 36) Most domesticated food crops come from which of the following plant groups?A) cycadsB) gymnospermsC) fernsD) angiosperms 37) Which of the following best characterizes the eudicots?A) flower parts in threesB) leaves with parallel veinsC) an embryo with two seed leavesD) stems with scattered vascular bundles 38) Which of the following is a function of roots?A) absorbs waterB) absorbs nutrients from the soilC) stores foodD) all of the above 39) Which of the following are the tiny projections found on roots that increase the surface area?A) root hairsB) cotyledonsC) nodesD) mesophyll 40) Which of the following constitute the shoot system of a plant?A) leavesB) stemsC) flowersD) all of the above 41) Which of the following describes the sites of leaf attachment in a stem?A) jointsB) nodesC) internodesD) cotyledons    42) Which of the following is a stem modification for storage?A) tuberB) petioleC) rhizomeD) runner 43) Which of the following best describes the function of typical leaves?A) anchoringB) photosynthesisC) shadeD) storage of the sugars produced 44) Which of the following describes the single layer of tightly packed cells that cover the entire root?A) xylemB) root hairsC) epidermisD) endodermis 45) Which of the following is the waxy coating secreted on leaves and most stems?A) cuticleB) ligninC) endodermisD) epidermis 46) Which of the following is the selective barrier of a root that determines which substances pass between the cortex and vascular tissue?A) epidermisB) endodermisC) cuticleD) xylem 47) Which of the following do guard cells act to regulate?A) stomataB) cuticleC) epidermisD) root hairs 48) Which of the following is the main site of photosynthesis in a typical leaf?A) epidermisB) endodermisC) mesophyllD) xylem   49) In which structure do pollen grains develop?A) stamenB) sepalC) filamentD) anther 50) The formation of a zygote and a cell with a triploid nucleus is unique to flowering plants.  What is this process called?A) fertilizationB) double fertilizationC) germinationD) pollination