Family Health Case Management Questions DQ
review the attached PowerPoint presentation. Once done answer the following questions;
Define case management and care management and compare the differences.
Mention and discuss the case management concepts into the clinical practice of community health nursing.
Give the definition of family and mention and discuss the different types of families and discuss the model of care for families.
Describe strategies for moving from intervention at the family level to intervention at the aggregate level
INSTRUCTIONS:
As stated in the syllabus present your assignment in an APA format word document, . A minimum of 3 evidence-based references besides the class textbook no older than 5 years must be used. A minimum of 800 words is required. Please make sure to follow the instructions as given and use either spell-check or Grammarly before you post your assignment. I’ve been grading a lot of assignments with quite a few spelling/grammar errors. As a BSN student you should be able to present an assignment according to APA and without errors. This reflects our University.
Chapter 20 Family Health Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Working with Families Working with families has never been more complex or rewarding than now. Nurses understand the actual and potential impact that families have in changing the health status of individual family members, communities, and society as a whole. Families have challenging health care needs that are not usually addressed by the health care system. . Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 How Do You Define a Family? Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Definitions of a Family Historical definitions: The environment affecting individual clients Small to large groups of interacting people A single unit of care with definable boundaries A unit of care within a specific environment of a community or society Current theorists: Two or more individuals who depend on one another for emotional, physical, and economic support. Members of family are self-defined. – Hanson & Kaakimen (2005) The family is who they say they are. – Wright & Leahey (2000) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Inclusive Definitions of Family “Family” means any person(s) playing a significant role in an individual’s life. This may include person(s) not legally related to the individual. Members of “family” include spouses, domestic partners, and both differentsex and same-sex significant others. “Family” includes a minor patient’s parents, regardless of gender of either parent … without limitation as encompassing legal parents, foster parents, same-sex parent, step-parents, those serving in loco parentis, and others operating in caretaker roles. – Human Rights Campaign ( 2009) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 The Changing Family Purposes of the family ➢ ➢ To meet the needs of society To meet the needs of individual family members Examples of different family types ➢Family Health Case Management Questions DQ
Traditional, nuclear family ➢ Multigenerational family household ➢ Cohabitating families ➢ Single-parent families ➢ Grandparent-headed families ➢ Gay or lesbian families ➢ Unmarried teen mothers Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 The “Sandwich” Generation Figure 20-1 From Pew Research Center: Social and Demographic Trends: The Sandwich Generation. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/01/30/the-sandwich-generation/. Accessed March 15, 2013. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Why Is It Important for the CHN to Work with Families? The family is a critical resource. Any dysfunction in a family unit will affect the members and the unit as a whole. Case finding can identify a health problem that leads to risks for the entire family. Nursing care can be improved by providing holistic care to the family and its members. – Friedman, Bowden, & Jones (2003) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Approaches to Meeting the Health Needs of Families Moving from the Individual to the Family Moving from the Family to the Community Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Moving from the Individual to the Family Family interviewing ➢ Manners ➢ Therapeutic conversations ➢ Genogram and Ecomap ➢ Therapeutic questions ➢ Commending family or individual strengths ➢ Issues in family interviewing • Many locations, family informant, family health portrait, involvement of children Intervention in cases of chronic illness Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Moving from the Family to the Community The health of communities is measured by the well-being of its people and families. Families are components of communities. Cross-comparison of communities must include health needs as well as resources. Cross-compare the needs of the families within the community and set priorities. Delegation of scarce resources is essential. A double standard in public health is tolerated. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Family Theory Approach 1. Any “dysfunction” that affects one member will probably affect others and the family as a whole. 2. The family’s wellness is highly dependent on the role of the family in every aspect of health care. 3. The level of wellness of the whole family can be raised by reducing lifestyle and environmental risks by emphasizing health promotion, self-care, health education, and family counseling. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 Family Theory Approach (Cont.) 4. Commonalities in risk factors and diseases shared by family members can lead to case finding within family. 5. Individual is assessed within larger context of family. 6. Family is vital support system to individual member. – Friedman (1994) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13 Systems Theory Approach The family as a unit interacts with larger units outside the family (suprasystem) and with smaller units inside the family (subsystem). –Family Health Case Management Questions DQ
Friedman (1998) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14 Healthy Families Members interact with each other; listen and communicate repeatedly in many contexts. Healthy families establish priorities. Members understand that family needs are the priority. Healthy families affirm, support, and respect each other. Members engage in flexible role relationships, share power, respond to change, support the growth/autonomy of others, and engage in decision making that affects them. – DeFrain (1999) and Montalvo (2004) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15 Healthy Families (Cont.) The family teaches family and societal values and beliefs and shares a religious core. Healthy families foster responsibility and value service to others. Healthy families have a sense of play and humor and share leisure time. Healthy families have the ability to cope with stress and crisis and grow from problems. They know when to seek help from professionals. – DeFrain (1999) and Montalvo (2004) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16 Structural-Functional Conceptual Framework Internal structure ➢ External structure ➢ ➢ Family composition, gender, rank order, functional subsystem, and boundaries Extended family and larger systems (work, health, welfare) Context: ethnicity, race, social class, religion, environment Instrumental functioning (routine ADLs) Expressive functioning ➢ Emotional, verbal, nonverbal, circular communication; problem solving; roles; influence; beliefs; alliances and coalitions Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17 Developmental Theory Family life cycle (Duvall & Miller, 1985) ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ Leaving home Beginning family through marriage or commitment as a couple relationship Parenting the first child Living with adolescent Launching family (youngest child leaves home) Middle-age family (remaining marital dyad to retirement) Aging family (from retirement to death of both spouses) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18 Family Health Assessment Tools Genogram ➢ Family health tree ➢ A tool that helps the nurse outline the family’s structure Family’s medical and health histories Ecomap ➢ Depicts a family’s linkages to their suprasystems Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19 Family Health Assessment Tools Family Health Assessment ➢ Addresses family characteristics, including structure and process and family environment ➢ Information obtained through interviews with one or more family members, subsystems within the family, or group interviews of more than two members of the family ➢ Additional information obtained through observation of family and their environment Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20 Genogram Figure 20-2 Redrawn from Genopro Software: Symbols used in genograms, 2009: www.genopro.com. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21 Ecomap Figure 20-4 Redrawn from Hartman A: Diagrammatic assessment of family relationships, Soc Casework 59:496, 1978. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22 Social and Structural Constraints Identify what prevents families from receiving needed health care or achieving a state of health Usually based on social and economic causes ➢ ➢ ➢ Literacy, education, employment If disadvantaged, often unable to buy health care from private sector Hours of service, distance and transportation, availability of interpreters, and criteria for receiving services (age, sex, income barriers) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23 Family Health Interventions Institutional context of family therapists ➢ ➢ ➢ Ecological framework: A blend of systems and developmental theory that focus on the interaction and interdependence of families within the context of their environment Social Network Framework: Involves all connections and ties within a group; social support Transactional model: A system that focuses on process as opposed to a linear approach Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24 Family Health Case Management Questions DQ
Applying the Nursing Process Knowledge of self, previous life experiences, and values is crucial in planning home visits Gather referral information, review assessment forms, and gather intervention tools (e.g., screening materials, supplies) before going to the home Flexibility is important in working with families Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25 Chapter 9 Case Management Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Case Management … “… is a collaborative process of assessment, planning, facilitation, care coordination, evaluation and advocacy for options and services to meet an individual’s and family’s comprehensive health needs through communication and available resources to promote quality cost-effective outcomes.” – The Case Management Society of America (2009) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Nursing Case Management … … is “a dynamic and systematic collaborative approach to provide and coordinate health care services to a defined population. The framework includes five components: assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation and interaction.” – American Nurses Credentialing Center, ANA Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Care Management Overall goal: Improve the coordination of services provided to clients who are enrolled in a care management program. A collaborative process An emerging concept that is… ➢ evidence based ➢ patient centered ➢ clinical care focused Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Care Coordination Target chronically ill persons at risk for adverse outcomes and expensive care ➢ Identify full range of problems that increase patients’ risk of adverse health events ➢ Educate in self-care, optimization of treatment, and integration of care ➢ Monitor patients for progress and early signs of problems Hope to raise quality of care, improve health outcomes, and reduce need for costly hospitalizations and medical care Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Patient-Centered Medical Homes Seven characteristics: ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ Patient’s relationship with primary care physician Physician-led, team-based care “Whole persons” require comprehensive care at various stages of life Integration and coordination of care Quality and safety Improved access to care Payment system that accurately reflects the efforts and care provided by the team Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Purposes of Case Management Client centered ➢ Help the client through a complex, fragmented, and often confusing health care delivery system and achieve specific client-centered goals. System-centered ➢ ➢ Recognizes that resources are finite Promote cost-effective, high-quality care Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Possible Case Management Functions Family Health Case Management Questions DQ
Identifying the target population Determining screening and eligibility Arranging services Monitoring and followup Assessing Planning care Reassessing Helping clients through a complex, fragmented health care system Care coordination and continuity Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Case Managers Must have appropriate educational background A minimum skill level is needed to ensure success in the role Certification as a case manager is available ➢ Case Management Association of America (CMSA) ➢ American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Role Functions of Case Managers (CMSA, 2002) Essential activities of case management ➢ Assessment ➢ Planning ➢ Facilitation ➢ Advocacy ➢ Collaboration Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Case Management in Community Health Community case management models Public health clinic settings Occupational health settings High-risk clinic settings ➢ ➢ Clients with chronic diseases Home health and hospice Case management research International settings Family Health Case Management Questions DQ
Case management is a system-building approach to addressing patient needs. The system is composed of individual members who function at specific levels within the organization. These include the patient and family, other caregivers, health providers, public health agencies and other stakeholders. The goal of case management is to improve outcomes through collaboration between individuals and agencies Care management enables physicians and nurses to optimize patient care by meeting patients’ health care needs more effectively than either alone can do. A consensus has emerged describing four key concepts in community case management – “the person”, “the problem”, “the team” and “the plan”.
Case management is a systems-building approach to addressing patient needs. It involves assessing the health status of a patient, planning care for them and implementing that plan within their family or community. The case manager assesses the needs of each member of the family and then develops a plan for meeting those needs by working with other agencies as needed (e.g., social services).
Case managers also provide education about medications so that people can understand how they work and what side effects they may have while taking them; they help clients apply for benefits such as Medicaid or Medicare; they help clients get access treatment like mental health counseling so that they can begin feeling better again after facing some difficult times in his/her life
The system is composed of individual members who function at specific levels within the organization. The system is a hierarchy with each member having a role to play within it.
The family unit consists of two or more people who form relationships with each other, usually related by blood or marriage ties, as well as their children who may also be part of this unit (see Figure 1).
The case manager is a key figure in the care of individuals with complex medical conditions. The term “case management” refers to programs that use teams of health care professionals and social services workers to help people with chronic illness manage their conditions more effectively.
The goal of case management is to improve outcomes through collaboration between individuals and agencies. Case managers work with families and individuals to identify their needs, plan for those needs, implement interventions as appropriate and monitor progress toward achieving goals.
Case managers are trained in a wide range of skills including clinical interviewing; psychosocial assessment; health education; social service referral; risk assessment; case analysis and problem solving. They also have access to an array of resources including books, articles and newspapers that can be used during the interview process (both written content as well as audio recordings).
Case management is a systems-building approach that focuses on addressing patient needs at multiple levels within the organization (i.e., aggregates).
Care management enables physicians and nurses to optimize patient care by meeting patients’ health care needs more effectively than either alone can do.
It is a collaborative approach that involves the patient, family members and healthcare providers in planning, implementing and evaluating activities designed to improve self-care skills or reduce problematic behaviors such as substance abuse or poor nutrition. This process also allows for shared decision making about treatment goals; thus it fosters collaboration among all members of a team so that everyone involved works toward achieving common goals without losing sight of their own role within this overall plan.
A consensus has emerged describing four key concepts in community case management – “the person”, “the problem”, “the team” and “the plan”. The person is the patient, who needs to be involved in solving their own problems. The problem is what needs to be addressed by all parties involved in solving it. The team refers to everyone involved in helping someone solve their own problems–physicians, nurses, social workers, etc., plus family members who may also have an important role as well. Finally, there is a plan for addressing these issues that includes strategies such as screening tests or medications; interventions such as counseling sessions with mental health professionals; referrals for more specialized services; home visits by nurses or other care providers that focus specifically on improving caregivers’ skills at providing caregiving tasks like bathing/changing diapers without hurting yourself while doing so; etcetera!
This lesson was designed to help apply what you learned in class to real-life situations faced by community health nurses today.
The importance of case management: Case management is a systems-building approach to addressing patient needs, including those of frail elders and people living with HIV/AIDS. It aims to provide an efficient means of coordinating care across multiple providers, systems and settings (e.g., home health agency vs hospital vs pharmacy). In addition, it helps ensure continuity of care by linking patients’ medical records together across different sites; this makes it easier for them when they need follow-up visits for tests or treatments which require coordination with physicians at different locations.Care management enables physicians and nurses working together on behalf of their patients–whether they’re single individuals living alone or families that include several generations living under one roof–to optimize the quality and efficiency of their life experiences while providing support services that address specific needs related to illness prevention/management/treatment plan creation etc…
In conclusion, case management is a system-building approach to addressing patient needs. It involves the coordination of care between multiple health professionals, families and caregivers. Care management enables physicians and nurses to optimize patient care by meeting patients’ health care needs more effectively than either alone can do. A consensus has emerged describing four key concepts in community case management – “the person”, “the problem”, “the team” and “the plan”.
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