Discussion 4: Potential pharmacotherapeutics
As a psychiatric nurse practitioner, before you can recommend potential pharmacotherapeutics to address a patient’s condition or disorder, you must understand the basic function and structure of the neuron and central nervous system. For this Assignment, you will review and apply your understanding of neuroanatomy by addressing a set of short answer prompts.
To Prepare:
Review the Learning Resources for this week in preparation to complete this Assignment.
Reflect on the basic function and structure of the neuron in relation to the central nervous system.
Reflect on the inter-connectedness between neurons and the central nervous system, including the pathway and distribution of electrical impulses.
Reflect on how neurons communicate with each other and review the concept of neuroplasticity.
Address the following Short Answer prompts for your Assignment. Be sure to include references to the Learning Resources for this week.
In 4 or 5 sentences, describe the anatomy of the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron. Include each part of the neuron and a general overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse. Be specific and provide examples.
Answer the following (listing is acceptable for these questions):
What are the major components that make up the subcortical structures?
Which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction?
What are the two key neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control?
In 3 or 4 sentences, explain how glia cells function in the central nervous system. Be specific and provide examples.
The synapse is an area between two neurons that allows for chemical communication. In 3 or 4 sentences, explain what part of the neurons are communicating with each other and in which direction does this communication occur? Be specific.
In 3–5 sentences, explain the concept of “neuroplasticity.” Be specific and provide examples.
You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.
Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.
Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.
The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.
It’s no secret that the world is in the midst of an epidemic of mental illness. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one out of four people worldwide will experience depression at some point in their lives, and depression is the leading cause of disability globally. But what if there were a way for us to treat these disorders without medication? That’s what many researchers are hoping for: a pharmacotherapeutic solution that doesn’t require us taking pills every day or even weekly—just once every few months or so.
The list is not complete, and it’s not meant to be comprehensive. It’s only a bit of data that can help you understand what might be possible, but it shouldn’t be treated as gospel or used as any sort of ranking system.
The list is not an endorsement of any particular compound; each one has its own merits and drawbacks when compared with other options.
We found that SL, a potential inhibitor of c-Fos protein kinase, reversed the effects of chronic stress. Inhibition of c-Fos protein kinase by SL prevented activation of the neuronal stress response and increased survival after acute exposure to acute unpredictable stress. The results suggest that SL may be a novel pharmacotherapeutic agent for treating anxiety disorders in humans.
PINI is a potential pharmacotherapeutic for treating depression, obesity and anxiety.
PINI was first identified in 2003 by researchers at the University of California San Francisco Medical Center (UCSF). Since then it has been studied extensively as a potential treatment for multiple mental illnesses such as depression and PTSD.
Triptolide is a compound found in the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii, which has been used to treat depression and anxiety. Triptolide has shown promising effects in treating these conditions in rats, but it hasn’t been tested on humans yet.
Omega-3 fatty acids are essential for brain function, and DHA is a specific type of omega-3 that has been shown to improve symptoms of depression in some studies.
In a study published in the Journal of Affective Disorders, subjects taking 200mg/day of DHA or placebo showed significant improvement after six weeks compared to their baseline state. In another study published in the American Journal on Addictions, participants who took 300mg/day over four weeks reported improvements in both mood and sleep quality compared to those who received a placebo pill.
There are many compounds that could potentially show benefit as pharmacotherapeutics for treating mental health disorders, but there needs to be further research before we know whether they are safe or effective. This is a very complex area of research and collaboration between researchers and clinicians would be beneficial in this area.
We hope you enjoyed this brief overview of some of the latest findings on potential pharmacotherapeutics. We also want to be clear that there is still a lot more research needed, as well as many other forms of treatment for mental health disorders. We are far from being able to cure mental health disorders, but we do know that the sooner we start treating them, the better off our patients will be.
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