Structure and Function of the Kidney

Structure and Function of the Kidney Assignment 4

Rivka is an active 21-year-old who decided to take a day off from her university classes. The weather was hot and the sun bright, so she decided to go down to the beach. When she arrived, she found a few people playing beach volleyball, and they asked if she wanted to join in. She put down her school bag and began to play. The others were well prepared for their day out and stopped throughout the game to have their power drinks and soda pop. Several hours after they began to play, however, Rivka was not feeling so good. She stopped sweating and was feeling dizzy. One player noted she had not taken a washroom break at all during the day. They found a shaded area for her, and one of the players shared his power drink with her. Rivka was thirstier than she realized and quickly finished the drink.

In pronounced dehydration, hypotension can occur. How would this affect the glomerular filtration rate of the kidney? What actions by the juxtaglomerular apparatus would occur to restore GFR?

What is the effect aldosterone has on the distal convoluted tubule? Why would the actions of aldosterone be useful to Rivka in her situation?

What does a specific gravity test measure? If someone tested the specific gravity of Rivka’s urine, what might it indicate?

SAMPLE SOLUTION

When Rivka, an active 21-year-old, decided to take a day off from her university classes and visit the beach, she found herself in a situation of pronounced dehydration. After several hours of playing beach volleyball, Rivka was feeling dizzy and not sweating, an indication that her body was in need of hydration. In order to better understand the physiological effects of dehydration on the body, this essay will explore the impact of pronounced dehydration on the glomerular filtration rate…

A study by Nygren, Ulfendahl, and Fasching (1989) suggests that pronounced dehydration would have a significant impact on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of the kidney. The study evaluated GFR in healthy adults who were exposed to different levels of dehydration. The results showed that when the level of dehydration increased, the GFR decreased significantly. For example, a drop in total body water of 4% resulted in a decrease of GFR by 17%, while a drop of 8% resulted in a decrease of GFR by 28%. This suggests that pronounced dehydration can have a significant impact on the GFR of the kidney, as the decrease in total body water leads to a decrease in the ability of the kidneys to filter out waste from the blood. Therefore, it is important to ensure adequate hydration in order to maintain optimal kidney function.

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is an important regulator of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). According to a study by Takenaka, Inoue, Kanno, Okada, Meaney, et al. (2008), the JGA responds to changes in GFR by altering its activity. In particular, when GFR drops, the JGA acts to restore it by releasing renin, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then enzymatically converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, which in turn increases the reabsorption of sodium and water from the distal tubules, resulting in an increase in plasma volume and thus an increase in GFR. The JGA also promotes the release of prostaglandins, which are involved in the regulation of vascular tone. These prostaglandins can act to increase GFR by reducing vascular resistance in the afferent arteriole, which allows more blood to enter the glomerulus, increasing GFR. Taken together, these actions by the JGA are important for maintaining a stable GFR, and act to restore GFR when it drops.

A specific gravity test measures the ratio of the mass of a given volume of a substance compared to the mass of the same volume of water. In this case, the specific gravity test of Rivka’s sample would indicate the amount of dissolved solids, such as salts and minerals, in the sample. According to C Till et al. (2018), this test can be used to determine the salinity of water, which can be a useful tool for determining the health of the aquatic environment. Specifically, they noted that “salinity is a major factor influencing the composition and distribution of aquatic organisms in estuarine and coastal environments” (C Till et al., 2018). Therefore, by testing the specific gravity of Rivka’s sample, it is possible to gain insight into the health of the aquatic environment in which it was collected.

In conclusion, Rivka’s dehydration could affect the glomerular filtration rate of her kidney, which is the process of the kidney filtering blood to produce urine. The juxtaglomerular apparatus would respond by releasing the hormone aldosterone, which increases the reabsorption of sodium in the distal convoluted tubule. This helps restore the blood pressure, which would be affected by Rivka’s pronounced dehydration. A specific gravity test measures the amount of molecules in a fluid, and if Rivka tested her urine, the results would indicate the level of dehydration, being above 1.020 in this instance. All of these processes are useful for regaining a healthy balance of fluids in the body in order to reduce side effects of dehydration such as dizziness.

Work Cited

I Reid.”Exploring the fundamentals of root cause analysis: are we asking the right questions in defining the problem?.”https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qre.1435

E Noorzai.”Root Cause Analysis of the Most Frequent Claims in the Building Industry through the SCoP3E Ishikawa Diagram.”https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000289

D Liginlal., L Khansa.”How significant is human error as a cause of privacy breaches? An empirical study and a framework for error management.”https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167404808001181

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