W4 Discussion 1
Website: The Empires of the Western Sudan – (read The Empires of the Western Sudan page and all the primary essays listed on the right-hand side of the page: 1) The Empires of the Western Sudan: Ghana Empire; 2) The Empires of the Western Sudan: Mali Empire; 3) The Empires of the Western Sudan: Songhai Empire; 4) Trade and the Spread of Islam in Africa; 5) The Trans-Saharan Gold Trade (Seventh–Fourteenth Centuries)
Primary Sources:
Website: Al-Bakri, Roads and Kingdoms (1067 CE) –
Website: Kingdom of Mail (Al-Umari, ca. 1330 CE) –
Website: Leo Africanus describes Timbuktu (1652 CE) –
Website: Proverbs from Ghana –
Discussion Prompts:
After reading Chapter 6 and the material at the websites, and viewing the videos, please make a 250-word initial post that answers the following questions about the primary sources:
Al-Bakri and Leo Africanus were not native to the areas they discussed. What difference might that make to their view of Ghana and Mali? How might their background have influenced what they saw and described? Did they see everything they described, or were things described to them by others? Did they think the culture that they were writing about was lesser than their own or equal to it? How does Al-Umari’s discussion of Mali differ from Leo’s? What might account for those differences? What do the Ghanaian proverbs add to your understanding of that culture?
The famous Muslim scholars Ibn Khaldun and Leo Africanus were born in the same era, but their experiences show them to have been very different people. Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunisia around 1332, where he grew up as a member of an elite family and became an expert in science and religion. Leo Africanus was born in Morocco around 1483, and spent his youth in Christian Spain before moving to Italy to study medicine and the Arabic language. Both men traveled extensively, visiting countries across Africa, Asia, Europe and America between their birth dates.”
Ibn Khaldun and Leo Africanus were born in the same era, but their experiences show them to have been very different people.
Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunisia around 1332, while Leo Africanus was born in Morocco around 1483. Both men traveled extensively across Africa, Asia, Europe and America during their lifetimes and recorded their experiences in books that are now considered classics of medieval Islamic scholarship.
You might be wondering why we’re discussing Ibn Khaldun’s life in a text about Ghana and Mali. But if you’ve read this far, you’ll know that Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunisia around 1332. He grew up as a member of an elite family and became an expert in science and religion.
Ibn Khaldun was also Muslim scholar who wrote one of the most influential books ever written on Africa: “The Muqaddimah” (or Introduction). This book is divided into four parts: The Theory of History, The Rise And Progress Of Nations, Special Causes For Fluctuations In Political States And Their Impact On Society At Large; And Summing Up The Greatest Causes Leading To Ancient Civilizations Terminating Before 1300 A.D.
Leo Africanus was born in Morocco around 1483, and spent his youth in Christian Spain before moving to Italy to study medicine and the Arabic language.
Leo’s father was an educated man who had served as an ambassador for several Italian states. In 1494, he died when Leo was only 10 years old. After his father’s death, Leo was sent back home to live with his uncle who worked as a bishop within the Catholic Church (a position that required him to travel frequently). It wasn’t until 1498 that Leo left for Africa–this time accompanied by his mother–to complete his education at Alcalá de Henares University in Spain where he studied law before moving on to Salamanca University where he took courses on theology and philosophy while also pursuing medical studies at Alcala de Henares’ School of Medicine (which would later become part of UC San Diego’s Health Sciences Campus).
The two men were born in different parts of the world, but both knew about geography and mathematics. Ibn Khaldun was a great traveler who traveled extensively across North Africa and Europe. Leo Africanus was also a traveler, but his focus was mostly on natural history and archaeology (and he wrote about geography too).
The two men each had different interests when it came to exploring their new countries: Ibn Khaldun loved geology while Leo focused on biology.
Both men traveled extensively, visiting countries across Africa, Asia, Europe and America between their birth dates.
Al-Bakri was born in 1171 AD and died in 1248 AD. He was a member of the family that founded the city of Tunis (Tunisia). Al-Bakri wrote over 30 books on Islamic studies including one titled “The Book of Knowledge” which contained geographical information about places such as Morocco or East Africa.
Leo Africanus was born into an aristocratic family in Flanders around 1483 AD but spent most of his life traveling through Europe before settling down in Rome where he died at age 78 years old due to complications from diabetes mellitus
While both al-Bakri and Leo Africanus were born in the same era, they lived in two different places. They were also born into different backgrounds, experienced different experiences and held different perspectives about Africa.
In light of this fact, it may be useful for historians studying these two great Muslim scholars to examine their backgrounds rather than just their ideas about Africa.
To conclude, we would like to point out that Ibn Khaldun and Leo Africanus were both outstanding scholars. They had very different backgrounds and experiences, but their approach to understanding Africa is similar in many ways—not least the fact that they spent a lot of time in the field.
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