Please post a scholarly reply that are about 150 words each.
There are 3 different posts below. Read and come up with about 150 words, scholarly written to each of them.
It is NOT required that every question or point be analyzed; more focused discussions on one or more central points are encouraged.
Original questions and posts:
Post 1
Q1: Review and discuss how to develop interview questions.
When developing interview questions, the researcher must keep in mind the construct they are attempting to describe without being biased (McGregor, 2018). A best practice is to employ open-ended questions, what McGregor refers to as an interview guide, and meaningful prompts to keep the interview on track and address any lulls within the flow of conversation (p. 244). McGregor (2018) also recommends sending follow-up questions to participants to address any issues that arose during the data collection process (p.244). The type of questions is also dependent upon the format of the interview. Informal conversation interviews require less structure and may invoke more spontaneous responses (McGregor, 2018).
Post 2
Q1: Researchers use interview questions determine what questions they would like to answer in their research. Interview are generally opened ended questions using active verbs to define what they would like the direction of the research to take. There are two type of questions, central questions and subquestions. The question is the overarching question the researcher wishes to explore in their study. Subquestions will narrow the focus of the central question and ask specific questions and seeks to learn from the study.
Q1: Review and discuss how to develop interview questions.
Interview questions should not lead interviewees into the perspective or bias of the author but should be open-ended and provide questions that do not state why? (Pyrczak & Tcherni-Buzzeo, 2019; Crewell, 2005). There should be some background and context provided with the qualitative questions that help the interviewee grasp the criticality of the research endeavor ((Pyrczak & Tcherni-Buzzeo, 2019). A deductive approach can work for developing interview questions if there is sufficient conceptual treatment of the phenomenon meaning that the construct has straightforward content for generation items and examples from scholarly references (Diehl et al., 2020, p. 7).
Q2: How do interview questions differ from research questions?
While interview questions are open-ended to provide individuals with true unbridled flexibility and creativity to share unique perspectives, qualitative research questions are more rigorous to address the problem or aim that is more overarching. Research questions can be grouped into two classifications that are noted as the central question and the subquestions (Crewell, 2005, pg. 1). Interview questions are the direct questions that are used in the survey provided to the participants and do not necessarily provide an all-encompassing view of the ultimate answer sought in the investigation.
Q3: Discuss validity and reliability in quantitative research.
It is still considered best practice to incorporate several multiple measures methods to help with errors that exist in one method (Pyrczak & Tcherni-Buzzeo, 2019, p. 90). References may also be required to provide readers with additional input for further information and data about the research goal. Due to the sensitivity of some topics, like sexual orientation and income, when individuals are self-reporting, the data could be skewed based upon preconceived ideas of retaliation or rebuttal from others, whether the inhibitor only exists in the conscious thought or a material reality (Pyrczak & Tcherni-Buzzeo, 2019, p. 93). One way to address this lurking variable of validity and reliability in surveying is to allow the participants to remain anonymous or indicate that the results are confidential (Pyrczak & Tcherni-Buzzeo, 2019, p. 93). Observation techniques can also impact quantitative research outcomes, so it is worth prudentially considering the dynamics and culture of the environment (Pyrczak & Tcherni-Buzzeo, 2019).
Another consideration in quantitative research design also focuses on whether the design incorporates any level of experimentation (McGregor, 2018). For a non-experimental design that we will conduct in our dissertation program, these efforts will be based upon ascertaining the following criteria of variables, control groups, and relationship comparisons (McGregor, 2018).
Q4: Describe how you will measure all of your variables in your proposal, including survey names and references, as well as how you know they are valid and reliable measures.
When measuring all of the outcomes in my proposal, one key question will be whether there are any areas where I may have provided any subjectivity in my assessment. Suppose there is concern about whether subjectivity impacts my valid and reliable evaluation. In that case, it may behoove me to have several observers establish a rate of agreement so that the best evaluation is made in conscious or unconscious bias (Pyrczak & Tcherni-Buzzeo, 2019, p. 95). It is essential as well with all variables to consider whether or not the connection between the measures is internally consistent; Cronbachs alpha is a factor that I will use to help rationalize whether or not inconsistencies are present in the questioning (Pyrczak & Tcherni-Buzzeo, 2019, p. 96). My surveys can incorporate various naming and referencing scales to help identify the proper name and connected reference to determine whether the data type is nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio-based (McGregor, 2018). Nine statistical variables could be evaluated on various scales (Dependent & Independent, Criterion & Predictor, Constraints, Controls, Moderator, Intervening, Extraneous & Confounding, and Spurious) (McGregor, 2018).
Another means to determine validity and reliability in my proposal is to conduct a temporal stability test where the same test is given in two different periods (Pyrczak & Tcherni-Buzzeo, 2019, p. 95) . This was like when Dr. Lilleboe ran a pilot test where she first tested 10% of our target to be certain that her actual results demonstrated temporal stability (Lilleboe, 2021). Evidence of Empirical Validity is another measure to be certain that whatever system of measurement in the study, the units of detection make logical sense so that the scale will be interpretable by the readers and other researchers (Pyrczak & Tcherni-Buzzeo, 2019, p. 99). Lastly, it behooves me to evaluate my data and discuss the gaps and limitations so that other researchers can consider analyzing my work for intellectual development and encouraging more avenues for diverse perspectives (Diehl et al., 2020).
Reference
Creswell, J. (2005). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Prentiss Hall. pp.136-141.
Diehl, A. B., Stephenson, A. L., Dzubinski, L. M., & Wang, D. C. (2020).Measuring the invisible: Development and multi-industry validation of the gender bias scale for women leaders. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 31(3), 249-280. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21389
Lilleboe, A. (2021). Dissertation proposal defense, retrieved from https://blackboard.indianatech.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_414801_1&content_id=_2702583_1&mode=reset
McGregor, S. (2018). Understanding and evaluating research: A critical guide. Sage Publications.
Pyrczak, F., & Tcherni-Buzzeo, M. (2019). Evaluating research in Academic journals: A practical guide to realistic evaluation. Routledge.
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