8. Skinner contrasts the social sciences and the natural sciences and suggests that one of these more certainly assumes that events occur lawfully. Which one?
This is a question posed by Skinner’s claim that one of the two disciplines, the natural sciences or the social sciences, is more certain about events occurring lawfully. Which discipline is it?
The answer to this question requires an understanding of how Skinner understands both natural science and social science. As he defines them in Chapter Three (and throughout), “natural science” refers to “the study of man in his environment” and “social science” refers to “the study of man within society”; these two types of inquiry are separate but complementary rather than competitive or mutually exclusive. In other words: natural sciences can be conducted without reference to human behavior; sociological inquiries often rely on experimental methods which require some kind of control group that doesn’t exist in nature (such as laboratory rats).
The answer to this question is determined by assessing what alternative explanations have been offered for the events being studied by both disciplines.
Skinner claims that “the social sciences” are more likely than “the natural sciences” to assume that events occur lawfully, which makes sense because we often make decisions based on how things appear to us rather than on how they actually are. The difference between these two disciplines can be seen when we look at their similarities, or lack thereof. Both disciplines have something in common: they are concerned with understanding human behavior, but they approach this task differently depending on their focus (social vs natural science). Thus while both fields share certain features and methods of inquiry, there may also exist significant differences in terms of methodologies and approaches which affect conclusions reached about causality within either field
In natural science disciplines there are those who believe that events are governed by fixed laws and those who believe there are no such laws.
In social sciences disciplines, on the other hand, it is believed that there are no fixed rules for behaviour; instead, events can be caused by any number of factors. This is because some people believe that many things we see in our daily lives are random events; others think they’re all part of an elaborate scheme orchestrated by God (or fate).
There are exceptions to this general rule: In some areas of research where exact cause-and-effect relationships cannot be determined with certainty–such as climate change studies–both sides agree on the existence of some kind of causal relationship between what goes on at one end and what happens at another end; but only one side believes this relationship will always hold true across time (for example: “The sun will rise tomorrow morning because I pulled my alarm clock out from under my pillow last night”).
The subjective norm is a concept in social psychology that refers to an individual’s beliefs about what they think others expect them to do. The subjective norm can also be thought of as the general expectations of others, or what people believe their friends would like them to do. It is essentially a type of social pressure that influences behavior and has been shown to affect both individual decisions and group behavior.
In the area of law and economics, the idea was first introduced by John Locke (1632-1704) who argued that individuals should be able to make choices without interference from government officials or other entities because it would allow them more freedom: “Self-government” means rule over oneself; self-governed persons are those who govern themselves.”
You’ve probably heard that one of the two disciplines — either the social sciences or natural sciences — is more certain about events occurring lawfully than the other discipline. But which one?
The answer, it turns out, depends on what you mean by “lawful” and how you define it. The social sciences assume that events occur lawfully because they’re based on subjective norms and human interaction; whereas the natural sciences base their understanding of nature on fixed laws (which are universal in all cases).
The conclusions of this investigation are that the social sciences are more certain about events occurring lawfully than the natural sciences. This conclusion is based on the reasoning that both disciplines have offered explanations for facts that have been observed in human interactions, but only one discipline has offered explanations which are fully adequate to account for all facts.
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