Develop a 15-20 slide PowerPoint not including the title and reference slides. Be sure to place citations as needed on each

465 Hallmark Decision Making in Nursing here is what the slides should focus on 

Decision-making and clinical judgment are the two vital components a professional nurse  should exhibit. They entail making conclusions about the status and needs with a determination of an approach to satisfy the patients’ needs at the best standard by incorporating the examination of the patients’ responses (Nibbelink & Brewer, 2018). In nursing practice, decision-making is vital, and it entails sophisticated processes, particularly in acute care nursing.  A nurse must evaluate many competing factors when making decisions to satisfy the patient’s and family’s demands fully. The decision-making environment is further complicated by the shortage of adequate personnel in the nursing profession, thereby forcing a single nurse to attend to several patients at a time. In some cases, a nurse, particularly those in acute care environments, has to decide within a short period. Therefore, clinical judgment is a demanding process that requires deep understanding and competence in the decision-making processes that entails client-oriented decision-making, clinical reasoning, critical thinking, effective communication, and good organizational leadership in the environment to guide the efforts and support in nursing practice.

The hallmark for expert nursing lies in the nurse’s ability to make sound and meaningful clinical decisions through good clinical reasoning. Carrying out competent clinical judgments is a primary aspect of professional caregiving, and this ability differentiates between a professional nurse and an ordinary health worker (Nibbelink & Brewer, 2018). Before making a clinical decision, the nurse should understand the patients and their facility needs well. The nurse should offer client-oriented care to the person receiving the medical care. Client-oriented care entails treating a patient with respect, compassion, and dignity while making them part of the decisions about their health condition. For instance, when a patient is diagnosed with a medical disease that has several treatment options, it is the responsibility of the nurse to talk through the patient, with the patient’s family, each of the treatment options available. The accompanying risks, factors, merits, and demerits of each, the processes included in each treatment plan should be explained to the patient to ensure the patient chooses the option that works best for them, depending on the occupation. A patient-centered care scheme is connected to an individual’s healthcare rights. 

Patient-oriented care puts patients in the middle of their healthcare by being treated with compassion, dignity, and respect, modifying the care to suit the patients needs and what they aspire to achieve (Chisengantambu-Winters et al., 2019). It is also by enabling patients to comprehend their health and the conditions they are going through and by helping the patient learn self-care for independence, particularly after getting out of the hospital. Therefore, as a critical ingredient in expert clinical judgment, patient-oriented care promotes trust, self -worth and dignity in health care, patient satisfaction, and in the end, better outcomes from the patient. It is also a show of ethical alignment from the nurses since it is connected to their healthcare rights.

Effective communication is vital in building a good therapeutic relationship with the patient during the decision-making process. For a successful outcome of patients, there should be good communication between the nurse and the patient. A nurse must understand the patient and demonstrate kindness, courtesy, and sincerity. The nurse should also ensure that they create time to communicate with the patient privately to establish a positive therapeutic association and get to know the patient better (Kourkouta & Papathanassiou, 2014). The nurse should ensure that the communication language is understood by all the people involved with the patient by conversing with those surrounding the sick. Therefore, effective communication is critical in decision making in nursing as it enables involvement of the patient, understanding the patient and their needs.

Another critical ingredient vital in nursing decision-making is intentional learning and reflection. A nurse should acquire skills and qualities that enhance attaining and applying knowledge to continue thriving in the nursing practice given the current changes and complexities in healthcare systems (Benner et al., 2008). The use of intentional learning and reflection improves a nurse’s competence during clinical judgments. The nurse should demonstrate the ability to evaluate the underlying assumptions and question the authenticity of facts or arguments about the specific case. In combination with other skills, reflection and intentional learning enable the professional nurse to act in certain circumstances and minimize client injury. In the case of new medical attention, a nurse should apply purposeful knowledge and reflection to generate new ideas about the situation. The nurse must comprehend what to pay close attention to obtain the sense of salience that informs perceptual grasp capability. The perceptual ability is determined by noticing what is salient and the power of responding to the situation.

Nursing practice is one of the fields, which are challenging, dynamic, and sophisticated in nature, and aims at offering care and support to improve the wellbeing of patients. Therefore managing such practices is a nuanced business that needs a deep understanding of the decision-making process. Nurses’ thinking modes in providing quality healthcare to clients and reducing harm or adverse effects to the patient are the fundamental building blocks of clinical judgment and reasoning. A nurse’s ability to make sound nursing decisions depends on the nurse’s ability to think, reason, and judge, which depends on the working experience in most scenarios. Critical thinking is a vital skill in decision-making. Critical thinking entails reasoned and self-controlled judgment determined by using analysis, interpretation, evidence explanation, and conceptual methodology of the situation at hand. In nursing, critical thinking is required to make decisions, ensure professional accountability, and provide better care (Benner et al., 2008).

 A nurse gains confidence, creativity, intellectual integrity, intuitive ability, reflection, and open-mindedness through creative thinking, which informs decision-making. Creative thinkers in nursing practice have cognitive skills such as analyzing, seeking more understanding, logical thinking, prediction, and applying standards when making decisions. Critical thinking forms the fundamentals of interdependence and dependence in decision-making (Benner et al., 2008). A nurse should apply experience and skills to determine the patient’s problem and direct clinical judgment and actions leading to positive outcomes in the patient. Nurses obtain these skills from preceptors, and Professors who portray critical thinking virtues such as independence, empathy, courage, and intellectual interest.

Making informed decisions in nursing also depends on the clinical reasoning of the nurse. Clinical reasoning needs more scientific and technological knowledge based on research on the general case at hand (Benner et al., 2008). A nurse must portray usable power to recognize the suitability of evidence concerning the general technical skills and how they fit a particular patient. In so doing, the nurse considers the specific clinical trajectory of the patient, what their conditions entail, their preferences, vulnerabilities, and reactions to particular care interventions, like the presence of allergies when making the final clinical judgments and conclusions. 

The Decision-making process in nursing is complicated as it depends on the nurse’s experiences. Incorporating evidence in decision-making processes continues to be a challenge in healthcare. Based on previous studies, the nursing decision-making process includes collecting data, interpreting the gathered data, planning the implementation of nursing intervention, and evaluating the results. Clinical decision-making entails concluding about the status and needs, determining how to implement the requirements to satisfy the patient’s needs best, and finally evaluating the patient’s response to the intervention. The Decision-making process includes intuitive and analytic processes. According to Nibbelink and Brewer (2018), the intuitive decision-making process depends on the nurse’s working experience. It entails acknowledging the similarities in the client’s care circumstances, the information, and awareness established with time and process that appears to be with little rationale. The nurse merges the client’s signs in analytic approaches to develop a reasoned intervention determination that addresses the patient’s needs.

Most professional and experienced nurses opt to use intuitive processes in nursing decision-making. Pattern recognition also forms part of the decision-making process since it enables the expert to identify clinical situations, which gives the nurse confidence during decision-making. According to research, most expert nurses find intuitive processes more efficient, especially when combined with evidence about the patient. The experience of a nurse in the decision-making process is vital, as more experienced nurses make better decisions than those with little working experience. Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) is the commonly used framework in the decision-making process (Nibbelink & Brewer, 2018). It applies both influences of experience and consideration of vital factors in decision-making. These factors include the effect of an open, modifiable, time-restricted, and high-pressure environment consisting of a team and the culture influencing the decision-making process. Collaboration during the decision-making process influences the decision made. It is essential to seek the advice of experienced nurses during the process as it improves the quality of the determination. Decision-making processes are social experiences that include asking for guidance from and support from other nurses.

In any organization, leaders have the task of overseeing daily operations and managing the affairs of the organization through directing specific activities and processes such as selection and recruitment. Similarly, in a nursing decision-making environment, the essence of leadership is necessary. Without supervision, environmental activities like the decisions made can be chaotic. Effective leadership in the nursing environment requires leaders to establish strong-decision making skills and abilities by adopting good judgment and developing insight in every situation. Good decision-making is the fundamental hallmark of a suitable professional leader’s skills, effectiveness, and functionality (Chisengantambu-Winters et al., 2019). Decision-making in nursing and the entire healthcare sector is complex and sophisticated due to the dynamics in the field, policies being developed as technological d developments in medicine have increased patients’ awareness and information concerning their healthcare rights. Therefore, good organizational leadership is vital in both local and global environments.  

The leader should provide high quality and sound decisions that save decisions concerning people’s health and wellbeing that have a heavy and different type of attached weight compared to determinations made in other sectors. To achieve positive patient outcomes, effective leadership should incorporate critical thinking skills and have the capacity to respond to situations quickly. Leaders in nursing decision-making should also identify and reflect on sections that need adjustments in decision-making processes. 

The success of the decision outcomes is influenced by the connection existing between the leader taking the determination and the environment in which the decision is made (Chisengantambu-Winters et al., 2018). Therefore, a leader in a nursing environment should have good processes and tools to allow the leader to facilitate decision-making and deal with the present situation. The leader also ensures that the healthcare profession is in line with the professional expectations and the needs to make the decisions that nurses make. In some cases, the findings are morally and ethically disturbing since they involve human life, directly or indirectly. In general, like other fields, the nursing environment requires a leader to oversee the activities such as guidance and decision making to avoid poor and inefficient choices, which may adversely affect performance, care provided, and patient outcomes.

Culturally competent healthcare is patient-based healthcare where nurses recognize that patients come from different cultural origins to perform their duty effectively under a high degree of care. In this system, nurses are willing to understand and interact with people from other races, ethnic groups, sexuality, and gender (Deering, 2021). The system ensures that nurses attend to patients even when their beliefs, values, and practices disagree with conventional healthcare and nursing frameworks. Nurses also elaborate on patients’ treatment plans based on the demands of the patients that may be aligned with the cultural traditions of the patient and not by the conventional medical guidelines. Showing empathy to different and unique patient needs makes the nurse gain trust from the patient, allowing deeper relations (Deering, 2021). Mutual respect, increased community participation and involvement in healthcare issues, understanding and enabling the inclusion of family inpatient responsibilities are also the social benefits of culturally competent healthcare. 

Improved collection of data-enhanced preventive care and reduced cost of medical care and healthcare disparities are realized from the care system. Therefore, the nurse’s practices in culturally competent care promote standard safe practices that prevent harm. Implementing culturally competent healthcare begins with conducting a cultural competence self-evaluation. Nurses first determine their strengths and weaknesses about interacting and working with people from different cultures to enhance their cultural competence (Deering, 2021). The process can be achieved using artistic competent self-examination tools. After that, healthcare professionals work on improving communication and removing language barriers. To access a culture, one has to understand its language since cultural beliefs and values are rooted. In case one is unable to access the language of another culture, a translator can be used to assist in enabling communication between patients. Culturally competent care guarantees patient care to patients from different cultures, promoting their health and making them happy, satisfied, and comfortable.

To conclude, decision-making in nursing is one of the complex issues that require professionalism and experience since it entails decisions that affect the health and wellbeing of patients. The nurse should demonstrate competence and make patient-oriented decisions, which stipulates that the nurse should understand the patient’s and their family’s needs. Involving the patient in decision-making is critical as it promotes independence, trust, open-mindedness, and patients’ control over their health. Effective communication is vital to nursing decision-making. For a successful outcome of patients, there should be good communication between the nurse and the patient. A nurse must understand the patient and demonstrate kindness, courtesy, and sincerity. Intentional learning, clinical reasoning, critical thinking also enhance decision-making in nursing. Decision-making processes consist of intuitive and analytic processes, with most healthcare professionals opting for intuitive processes over the latter. To ensure that decision-making in nursing optimally helps achieve positive patient outcomes, culturally competent health care that ensures understanding the cultures of patients and serving them despite their needs being influenced by cultures instead of conventional medical guidelines should be implemented.

References

Benner, P., Hughes, R. G., & Sutphen, M. (2008). Clinical reasoning, decision-making, and action: Thinking critically and clinically. Patient safety and quality: An evidence-based handbook for nurses.

Chisengantambu-Winters, C., Robinson, G. M., & Evans, N. (2019, December 30). Developing a decision-making dependency (DMD) model for nurse managers. Heliyon. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6940640/. 

Deering, M. (2021, October 27). Cultural competence in nursing. NurseJournal. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://nursejournal.org/resources/cultural-competence-in-nursing/. 

Kourkouta, L., & Papathanasiou, I. V. (2014, February). Communication in nursing practice. Materia socio-medica. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3990376/. 

Nibbelink, C. W., & Brewer, B. B. (2018, March). Decision-making in nursing practice: An integrative literature review. Journal of clinical nursing. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5867219/.