Question 1.
The Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) protocol of IPSec and the privacy module in Version 3 of the Simple Network Management Protocol both require that implementations must support Data Encryption Standard (DES) encryption in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode.
(a) Briefly explain how CBC mode works with a symmetric block cipher (e.g. DES).
(b) Briefly explain why CBC is the most appropriate mode for encryption in applications such as IPsec and SNMP.
(c) Streaming video applications (e.g. YouTubeiTikTok) have become very popular. Briefly explain why CBC is not the most appropriate mode for these applications, and briefly describe a more appropriate mode for them.
Question 2.
(a) Briefly explain the purpose of a firewall in the screened host configuration (a.k.a. “T-configuration”). (b) Briefly describe the rules that are typically applied regarding transfer of data packets between network devices in different subnetworks (a.k.a. “zones”) with a firewall in the above configuration. Assume there are three (3) such subnetworks.
(c) Briefly explain the concept of a virtual firewall and give an example (real or hypothetical) where one might be used.
Question 3
Kerberos is widely used in systems where groups of users need to access a variety of application servers. (a) Briefly explain the purpose of the Authentication Server in a Kerberos realm.
(b) Briefly explain the purpose of a Ticket-Granting Server in a Kerberos realm. Note: You will receive no credit for simply stating “it grants tickets” or similar.
(c) Briefly explain how a user in one Kerberos realm can access an application server in another Kerberos realm within one organization. Assume that the user is allowed to access that application server.
Question 4.
(a) Briefly explain the operation a typical modern “intrusion detection system” (IDS). Do not assume that the operation is limited by a strict interpretation of the term in quotes.
(b) Ideally, an IDS would have no false results at all. Briefly explain why this is not achievable in a typical situation where an IDS is used.
(c) Briefly explain the format of a rule used by the popular open-source IDS named Snort. You may show an example (real or hypothetical) of such a rule, but it is not required.
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