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Assignment: Theory X–Theory Y dichotomy
Assignment: Theory X–Theory Y dichotomy
Theory X and Theory Y represent basic approaches for dealing with fol- lowers. Both approaches are based on a set of assumptions regarding human nature. Theory X managers believe that the average person has an inherent dislike for work and will avoid engaging in productive activities whenever pos- sible. Managers must coerce, control, direct, and threaten workers in order to ensure performance. Indeed, Theory X management assumes that most people actually desire strict supervision as a means of insuring security. If workers are told what to do, they can have little doubt that they are performing as expected. This approach emphasizes task supervision with little or no concern for individual needs.
Theory Y managers work to integrate organizational and individual goals; Theory Y assumes that work is as natural as play or rest. Work is not viewed as inherently unpleasant but rather as a source of satisfaction. Therefore threats,
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Leadership and Followership Communication Styles 53
punishment, and direct supervision are not necessary to ensure productivity. Personal commitment and pride are sufficient to ensure quality workmanship. Further, Theory Y argues that the average person seeks responsibility as an outlet for imagination and creativity. This approach emphasizes individual commitment by recognizing individual needs as well as organizational needs.
The leader employing a Theory X orientation adopts a task-oriented approach. This leader focuses on methods for getting work done. Little consid- eration is given to those doing the work. The Theory Y leader, on the other hand, focuses on the unique characteristics of the individuals performing the tasks. The tasks themselves are not ignored but are viewed in terms of the people involved.
The Theory X–Theory Y dichotomy has been criticized for being an overly simplistic attempt to identify polarized extremes of human nature. McGregor responded to his critics by explaining that Theory X and Theory Y are not polar opposites. Rather, they are independent options from which a leader can select, depending on the situation and the people involved.
Blake and McCanse’s Leadership Grid®
One of the most commonly cited examples of the task and interpersonal approach to leadership communication styles is the Leadership Grid by Robert Blake and Anne Adams McCanse (formerly the Managerial Grid developed by Blake and Mouton).37 Blake and McCanse identify communication styles based on the degree of concern for production (task orientation) and concern for people (interpersonal orientation) exhibited by a leader. These communication styles are plotted on a graph with axes ranging from one to nine (see figure 2.3 on the following page).
You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.
Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.
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The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.
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