Assignment: childhood trauma

Assignment: childhood trauma

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Choose a kind of childhood trauma and address;

1. How common is it for children to experience this kind of trauma?

2. Are there specific effects that result from this kind of childhood trauma?

3. What kinds of behaviors do children who have undergone this kind of trauma demonstrate?

4. Many trauma interventions are developed from heartfelt concern for children and their families, but have no scientific basis.  Give at least one example of an intervention that is well-meant, but not based in science, and one that has a scientific underpinning.

· Natural disasters

· Terrorism

· Illness

·  Abuse

· Divorce

· Economic stress

· Military family stress, PTSD

The paper will be submitted in MS word or RTF format only. None of the questions are to be re-copied into your paper.

You will be graded on these factors:

Possible   grade

Student   grade

The   paper addresses the issues specified by the assignment

20

The   author shows insight and sophistication in thinking and writing

30

Three citations   were used; websites are acceptable

20

Paper   was well organized and easy to follow. Paper was at least 1000 words, not   including cover page or references. Running head, cover page, abstract, paper   body, in-text citations and Reference page, and overall   formatting were in the American Psychological Association format.

20

Few   to no spelling, grammar, punctuation or other writing structure errors

10

TOTAL

100

Submission

Bottom of Form

READING

Introduction

Topics to be covered include:

• Understanding      natural disasters
• Dimensions      of impact
• Stages of      disaster
• Responding      to disaster
• Humanitarian      response

Some forms of childhood trauma can be avoided, but others are unavoidable, including the trauma produced by disasters, including both technological and natural disasters. These disasters uproot lives, cause deaths and injuries, and lead to long-term challenges with infrastructure. For families with children, disaster produces loss, financial instability, and significant parental stress.

Technological and Natural Disasters

You can read more about the Deep Water oil spill at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-OILCOMMISSION/pdf/GPO-OILCOMMISSION.pdf

Children are often impacted by events that parents and families cannot control, like technological and natural disasters. These events disrupt daily life in significant ways, leaving children to manage the loss of homes, possessions, or even parents and family members, depending upon the severity of the disaster. Not all disasters can be predicted, and families may have a limited ability to respond, even when the disaster is expected. The impact of natural disasters is most substantial on families with limited financial and social resources, and in regions of the world with limited economic resources.

Natural disasters include weather related disasters (e.g., earthquakes, floods, tornadoes, cyclones, droughts, landslides, fires etc.). Technological accidents also can cause widespread harm both environmentally and to people and animals. Examples of technological accidents can include: oil spills caused by tankers or oil rig accidents, and nuclear accidents etc. Within the last 50 years,  examples include nuclear accidents at Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania and in Chernobyl. (Silei,  n.d.)  More recent examples include the British Petroleum (BP)oil spill in the Gulf, USA.  Dam collapses are also an example of technological disasters.

Between 1994 and 2013, on average, 218 million people were impacted by natural disasters each year, and there were 68,000 deaths attributable to natural disasters on average each year. In total, over this period, 1.35 million lives were lost to natural disasters. These numbers may help you to recognize the overall scope of natural disasters, and the damage they cause. Many of those 218 million people affected each year will be traumatized by the disaster, and, as you might expect, many of that number are children (Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, 2015). Assignment: childhood trauma

• Role of Population Growth and      Economic Development

Both population growth and economic development play a greater role in the damage done by natural disasters than does climate change. As populations have increased, building and construction in natural flood plains has occurred, increasing the risk of flooding. In addition, this increased population density and economic development in, for instance, an earthquake prone area, places far more people at risk (Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, 2015). Assignment: childhood trauma

• Flooding is the most common form       of natural disaster, accounting for 44 percent of natural disasters       recorded in this period.
• Storms of all sorts are the       most financially costly form of disaster, costing in total some 936       billion dollars between 1994 and 2013. They are also the second most       deadly form of disaster.
• Earthquakes, including       tsunamis, have caused the greatest loss of life of any type of natural       disaster during this period. Tsunamis have been responsible for the       greatest loss of life and are approximately 20 times more dangerous than       an earthquake.
• Drought is also a natural       disaster, although it accounts for only 4 percent of total natural       disasters. It does, however, disproportionately impact developing       countries, particularly those in Africa (Centre for Research on the Epidemiology       of Disasters, 2015).

Difficulty in Making Comparisons

It is difficult to accurately determine which countries are most significantly impacted by natural disasters; in broad terms, the United States and China experience the largest number; however, this has to do with the land mass, rather than anything else.

During the period studied, death rates have increased overall in natural disasters. This is in part because this tallying includes three mega-disasters, the 2004 Asian tsunami, Cyclone Nargis in 2008 and the 2010 Haitian earthquake that caused huge numbers of deaths. The trend is present even when these incidents are removed from the calculations.

Understanding Natural Disasters

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• Weather and Geophysical Causes

Natural disasters include both weather-related and geophysicalphenomena. Geophysical disasters are those caused by shifts and changes in geology. These include earthquakes, tsunamis or seismic sea waves, and volcanic eruptions. Th

Death Rates Vary by Income

Throughout this course, you will consider the impact that economics has on trauma. This impact is also seen in natural disasters, to an extreme degree. More than three times as many people died in low-income countries from natural disasters than in higher income, developed countries. Higher income countries experienced 56 percent of all natural disasters, but only 32 percent of the total lives lost. Lower income countries experienced only 44 percent of all natural disasters, but 68 percent of lives lost between 1994 and 2013 (Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, 2015).

ese have remained broadly constant through the period. Weather and climate-related natural disasters include hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, and other storms have, on the other hand, increased significantly. the period between 2000 and 2015 saw a 44 percent Disaster Risk Reduction Assignment: childhood trauma

As you learn about natural disasters, you will also learn about disaster risk reduction; knowing who is most impacted by natural disasters and how they are impacted is essential for disaster risk reduction, or lowering the total impact of natural disasters. In addition, these statistics make clear that it is essential to address the impact of natural disasters in developing countries, as well as to more effectively manage flood control, with the increase in flooding events. Assignment: childhood trauma

increase in weather-related natural disasters over the period of 1994 to 2000 and this occurrence was more than double that of 1980 to 1989. While climate-related factors play a role in this increase in weather-related natural disasters, they are not the primary contributing factor (Centr Assignment: childhood trauma

Impact Ratio

The impact ratio of people affected by the disaster compared to the rest of the population not affected, or the level of damage caused in relation to the available community resources. If there is a low ratio or proportion of people affected by the disaster, the region will most likely have resources to respond and help the victims. Even a severe disaster is more manageable when it is relatively isolated. For instance, in 2011, an F-5 multiple vortex tornado hit the town of Joplin, Missouri. While the damage within the town was extensive, with some 8,000 buildings entirely destroyed and 161 killed, it was also relatively isolated. The town was, while grieving, able to rebuild effectively and relatively quickly. Surrounding towns and cities, the state government, and federal government were able to step in rapidly to offer housing, clean-up, medical and rebuilding assistance (Gounley, 2016). Even when there is a widespread disaster in a large country, there are significant resources available. In a small country, with limited resources, the impact ratio is quite different.

e for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, 2015).

Predictability and Speed

The predictability and speed of the disaster.  Effective warning systems have reduced the severity of injury and damage. Not all disasters can be effectively predicte Predictability and Speed

The predictability and speed of the disaster.  Effective warning systems have reduced the severity of injury and damage. Not all disasters can be effectively predicted, nor may the severity be well-understood. Hurricanes, for instance, can be viewed on radar with relative ease, providing some warning; however, their path may change, and severity may be misgauged in error. Evacuation planning is challenging, especially in large cities.

d, nor may the severity be

Familiarity of the Population

The familiarity of the population to that type of disaster often leads to more preparation, prevention of injury and damage and quicker response to the effects of the disaster. In a community with frequent tornadoes, for instance, many people may have tornado shelters. Schools and other buildings may be built to withstand tornadoes and reduce the risk of serious property damage. This is also true in communities prone to hurricanes or earthquakes. In addition, in regions prone to these types of disasters, people often have access to emergency kits and supplies to maintain their health and wellbeing in the face of a natural disaster. Assignment: childhood trauma

well-understood. Hurricanes, f

Duration of the Disaster

The duration of the disaster will affect recovery by victims. Short term crises allow populations to recover, clean up, and start healing. Long term threats affect mental health and the ability of the affected to move on with their life. Often continued chronic stress occurs with a long duration of a crisis caused by a natural or technological disaster. Consider, for instance, the difference between an ordinary hurricane evacuation and relatively minimal damage; people in the community flee during the duration of the storm, and return home to clean up. If the storm damage was relatively manageable, life may return to normal within only a week or two. In the event of very serious damage, on the other hand, life of any sort may be significantly disrupted for a very long time. Assignment: childhood trauma