Plasma is ____ while formed elements are ____.

This is a 40-question final examination. Each question is worth 0.25 point.Plasma is ____ while formed elements are ____.a blood gas; blood clotsthe liquid portion of blood; the cellslacking in protein; regulators of blood osmolalitythe cellular portion of blood; acellular componentsmostly protein; the matrixWhich of the following cell types is an immature red blood cell?a.    erythrocytereticulocytethrombocytemonocyteleukocyteIn the platelet release reaction,factor XII is activatedADP and thromboxanes stimulate other platelets to become activatedactivated platelets are connected by fibrinogenprostaglandin production is inhibitedplatelets convert to fibrinOn the diagram of RBC production, what does “A” represent?a.     increased blood oxygendecreased blood oxygenerythropoietinkidneyred bone marrowThe heartis a four-chambered muscular pumpis posterior to the tracheais lined with an epithelial layer called epicardiumlies mostly to the right of the midline of the sternumhas a superior apex and an inferior baseBlood in the superior vena cava will enter the _____.Aortaright atriumpulmonary trunkpulmonary arteriespulmonary veinsWhich of the following is mismatched?a.    opening of sodium fast channels – depolarizationclosing of calcium slow channels – plateau phaseopening of potassium channels – rapid repolarizationclosure of sodium channels – early repolarizationopening of calcium slow channels – plateau phaseTurbulence of blood flow through the aortic valve would give rise toa.    the first heart soundthe second heart sounda heart murmuran extra heart beatend-systolic volumeIdentify structure “A” on the heart diagram.left atriumaortic semilunar valvebicuspid (mitral) valveright atriumpulmonary semilunar valveSystemic blood vessels transport blooda.    from the left ventricle through the body to the left atriumfrom the left ventricle through the body to the right atriumfrom the right ventricle through the body to the left atriumfrom the right ventricle through the body to the right atriumfrom the left ventricle to the lungsVeinsa.    carry blood away from the heartcarry blood under very high pressuremay contain valves and are lined with endotheliumare described as strong, rigid vessels that always carry oxygenated bloodhave thick, many layered wallsVeins that return blood directly to the heart include thea.    brachiocephalic veinsuperior vena cavaportal veinazygos veinpulmonary arteriesWhen the blood pressure of a vessel drops below the critical closing pressure for that vessel,a.     there is hypertensionthere is an increase in blood flowthere is an increase in peripheral resistancethe vessel collapsesthe vessel expandsThe lymphatic system differs from the cardiovascular system in thata.    the lymphatic system only carries fluid away from tissuesthe lymphatic vessels have their own “pump” to assist flowlymph capillaries do not contain any fluidlymph capillaries allow free movement of fluid in and out of the capillarieslymph circulates fluids and cardiovascular does notThe structure in the thymus that prevents foreign substances from entering the thymus is thethymic corpuscle barrierblood-thymic barriersurface membrane barriercapsular barrierthymic filterAdaptive immunity is stimulated bya.    AntigensHistaminesAntibodiesComplementplasma proteinsWhat does “A” represent on the diagram?a.    spleenthymusaxillary lymph nodeinguinal lymph nodethoracic ductVentilation refers to thea.    movement of air into and out of the lungsgas exchange between the blood and the tissuestransportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodgas exchange between the air in the lungs and the bloodrespiration at the cellular levelArrange the following structures in the order air passes through them during inhalation:1: alveolar ducts2: alveolus3: respiratory bronchiole4: terminal bronchiolea.    1, 2, 3, 42, 1, 3, 44, 3, 1, 23, 2, 1, 44, 3, 2, 1Most carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodin the form of bicarbonate ions.bound to carbamino compounds.dissolved in the plasma.by the leukocytes.in the form of carbonic acid.The diagram illustrates the major regulatory mechanisms of ventilation. What mechanism does “B” represent?Hering-Breuer reflexreceptors for touch, temperature, pain stimulimedullary chemoreceptorscarotid and aortic body chemoreceptorsproprioceptorsWhich of the following is a function performed by the digestive system?cellular respirationfood selectionelimination of undigested foodregulation of blood pHintegration and coordination of other systemsThe tonguesecretes salivalays a major role in swallowingcontains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissuesis attached to the hard palatefunctions in deglutition apneaWhich of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure?muscularis – two layers; both circularrugae – folds of mucosa and submucosamucosa – gastric glandsgastric pits – open onto surface of stomach mucosalining – simple columnar epitheliumBlockage of the ileocecal valve would preventpancreatic juice from entering the duodenumbile from entering the duodenumlymph from entering the jejunumchyme from entering the ileumchyme from entering the large intestineWhich of the following apply to the small intestine?Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organSegmentation contractions occur in this organBoth digestion and absorption occur in this organMixing and propulsion of chyme.All of these choices apply to the small intestineThe diagram illustrates an absorptive structure in the duodenum. What does “A” represent?microvilliepithelial cellcapillarylactealvillusNutrition includes the study ofthe nutrients in foodsthe body’s utilization of nutrientshow nutrients play a role in your body’s healthdigestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrientsAll of these choices are correctExcess triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue functionsto assist the body in temperature homeostasispads and protectsenergy storageinsulatesAll of these choices are correctThe energy currency of the cell is a molecule calledglucosepyruvatefatADPATPThe kidney functions inpreventing blood losswhite blood cell productionsynthesis of vitamin Eexcretion of nitrogenous wastes (such as urea)production of the hormone aldosteroneThe portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is theglomerulus.ascending loop of Henle.distal convoluted tubule.proximal convoluted tubule.descending loop of Henle.Which of the following pressures tends to force fluid from the glomerulus through the filtration membrane into Bowman’s capsule?tubular pressurecapsular pressurecolloid osmotic pressureglomerular capillary pressureNone of these choices is correctAldosterone targets cells in theproximal convoluted tubule.loop of Henle.distal convoluted tubule.glomerulus.collecting duct.Which of the following fluid compartments contains the largest volume of water?plasmainterstitial compartmentintracellular compartmentextracellular compartmentlymphElevated blood pressure under resting conditions results in increased urinary output becausebaroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to increase ADH secretion.levated blood pressure stimulates renin secretion.the amount of angiotensin II formed is increased.aldosterone levels increase.baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to decrease ADH secretion.Calcitoninpromotes the absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract.promotes osteoclast activity in the bones.reduces calcium excretion by the kidneys.reduces extracellular calcium ion levels.increases blood calcium levels.The location of the testes and epididymides in the scrotumallows more room for other organs in the abdominal cavity.keeps these organs close to the penis.provides a temperature that is suitable for normal sperm development.keeps them isolated from the accessory glands of the system.helps to protect them.Shortly after ovulation,the granulosa cells become corpus luteum cells.estrogen increases but progesterone decreases.the level of LH rises even more than before ovulation.GnRH receptors upregulate.corpus luteum degenerates.What does “C” on the diagram represent?vaginacervixuterusovaryuterine tube