functions of the kidneys

1. Name and state the anatomical location of the organs of the urinary system

 

2. List the functions of the kidneys (including non-urinary system functions)

 

3. Name the major metabolic nitrogenous wastes and identify their sources

 

4. Define excretion and identify the systems that excrete wastes

 

5. Name and locate the microscopic and macroscopic structures of the kidney

 

6. Describe the microscopic structure of a nephron

 

7. Trace the flow of fluid/ blood through the renal tubules and the kidney

 

8. Describe the glomerular filtration membrane and how it excludes blood cells and proteins from the filtrate

 

9. Describe the process of filtration and relate it to net filtration pressure

 

10. Describe how the renal tubules reabsorb useful solutes from the glomerular filtrate and return them to the blood

 

11. Describe the nerve supply to the kidney

 

12. Describe how the nervous system, hormones, and the kidney regulate glomerular filtration

 

13. Describe how the nephron regulates water excretion

 

14. Explain the role of aldosterone and of atrial natriuretic factor in sodium and water balance

 

15. Describe the mechanism that maintains the medullary osmotic gradient

 

16. Describe the composition and properties of urine

 

17. Describe the functional anatomy of ureters, urinary bladder, and male and female urethra

 

18. Explain micturition reflex and describe how it controls the voiding of urine

 

1. Fluids and Electrolytes

 

1. List the water content of males, females, and infants, and the factors contributing to differences in water content among these groups

 

2. Name the fluid compartments and sub-compartments of the body, and the relative amount of body fluid in each

 

3. Differentiate between electrolytes and nonelectrolytes, and discuss the relative osmotic power of each

 

4. Compare the relative solute concentration of specific solutes in the intracellular and extracellular compartments

 

5. Describe the mechanisms of fluid movement between fluid compartments

 

6. Identify the routes of water intake and output to and from the body

 

7. Explain the thirst mechanism and mechanism of cessation of thirst

 

8. Indicate how shifts in water output by the body occur, and how the body compensates for such shifts

 

9. Discuss the activity of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

 

10. Describe imbalances of fluid homeostasis and their consequences

 

11. Explain how salt is balanced in the body

 

12. Describe how sodium regulates fluid and electrolyte balance

 

13. Identify the mechanisms regulating sodium balance of the body fluids

 

14. Examine the mechanisms regulating potassium, calcium, and phosphate balance of the body fluids

 

15. Discuss the mechanism regulating anions in the body fluids

 

1. pH and Acid Base Balance

 

1. Explain the pH concept and include the numerical meaning of a change in pH of [one, two, one-half, and one-tenth] pH unit

 

2. List the approximate pH range of the following naturally occurring substances: intracellular fluid, arterial blood, urine, saliva, gastric juice, and sweat

 

3. Define “electrolyte” and list the major ones, including the hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, by name and ionic symbol found in human body fluids

 

4. Explain the functions of the hydrogen ion concentrations found in the skin, stomach, blood, urine, and mitochondria

 

5. Indicate the acid produced from normal metabolism occurring in each of the following body regions: aerobic respiration of cardiocytes, anaerobic respiration of erythrocytes, hydrolysis of phospholipids, degradation of sulfur amino acids, and the normal functioning of the stomach’s parietal cells

 

6. Explain why the body naturally tends to enter a state of acidosis during the course of any time period

 

7. Define the following terms in the context of the chemical structure of a buffering system: strong acid, weak acid, strong base, weak base, and salt

 

8. Explain why the body requires the continuous action of chemical buffering systems

 

9. Explain the relative strength, location and effectiveness of each of the following buffering systems: hemoglobin buffer, protein buffer, phosphate buffer, and the protein buffer

 

10. Utilize the components of each of the four major chemical buffering systems to show how they would work to neutralize excess acid or base

 

11. Describe the interaction of the bicarbonate buffer with the respiratory and urinary systems to help regulate the body’s acid-base balance.

 

12. Indicate the normal range of values for the pCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) and the bicarbonate ion concentration (HCO3-, also called alkali reserve) in maintaining an arterial pH range of 7.35-7.45.

 

13. Explain the relationship between each of the following pairs of terms: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and respiratory acidosis, hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis, diarrhea or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and metabolic acidosis, and the ingestion of alkaline drugs for stomach ulcer and metabolic alkalosis.

 

14. For each acid-base disturbance listed above, indicate the body’s compensations to maintain the arterial pH in the normal range of 7.35-7.45

 

You must include and cite 5 references. (10 points)

 

2. Briefly discuss Xenotransplantation. In your own words, if not, please quote:

 

1. define xenotranspantation

 

1. define and explain the process of transgenic cells or organs.

 

1. is this new? If not, When did scientists begin using tissues from other species for our medical benefit?

 

1. In what capacity? (When and for what specific medical needs?

 

2. Name and discuss 3 major benefits of Xenotransplantation,

 

3. Name and discuss 3 major detriments or concerns regarding Xenotransplantation.

 

4. Where do you stand? Do the risks outweigh the benefits in your exerience?

 

5. Interview a friend or relative. Record their responses and reactions. You may title the page, “Interview” and respond to each point as listed (instead of essay form, write 1. and the response, 2. etc.)

Name:________________________________________________

 

Part 1: 80 points total to be added to your autoimmune research worth 20= 100 total

Answer each question to the best of your ability using your knowledge and material learned. All answers must be completed and answered completely for full credit. Point values are listed as follows. KBCC honesty and student expectation policies are in effect during this and any exams. Good luck.

Part 1: 3 points each, (60 total)

1. What is Kussmaul Respiration?

 

 

2. Under what type of condition does this occur?

 

 

 

Define the following terms:

 

3. What is a pyrogen?

 

4. Puss

 

5. Naïve cell

 

6. Autoimmune disorder

 

7. Goblet cells

 

8. Surfactant

 

9. Chronic bronchitis

 

10. Pathogen
11. Antigen

 

12. Antibody

 

13. Perforin

 

14. Epitope (5)

 

15. Describe how antibiotics work.

 

 

16. What is cystic fibrosis?

 

17. How is cystic fibrosis treated?

 

18. What are natural killer cells?

 

19. How does a vaccination work?

 

20. What role do cilia play in our respiratory tracts?

 

2. 10 points each, 20 points total
3. Describe how smoking, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar can possibly negatively effect the interaction of our respiratory and lymphatic systems specifically with our circulatory system? (10 points)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. Ann hurries into lab after using the restroom. Not to be late, she neglects to wash her hands. During lab, she is tired and rubs her eyes and covers her mouth when she yawns. During a quick break, Ann shares an iced tea bottle with her friend Bob who is also fatigued, and has a cough and slight fever (Bob doesn’t know it, but has the flu even after getting a flu shot over a month ago).
2. Describe the immune response Ann will likely experience. (6)
3. Why did Bob get sick although he had a flu shot? (4)

1 | Page

 

1. What is the approximate size of the human heart? (1 point)

 

2. The heart is a muscle, it has elasticity. What does that mean? What happens to the heart if it loses it’s elasticity? (4 points)

 

3. What important information have you learned about muscles that would assist in understanding the function of the heart. (4points)

 

4. What are 4 signs of a heart attack? (4 points)

 

5. During and After a heart attack, describe what an abnormal ECG would look like? ( 1 point)

 

6. Discuss what happens immediately when heart cells die? How can an almost immediate blood test (within 3 hours) tell doctors? (2 points)

 

7. What is CPK and trponin? (2 points)

 

8. What is ischemia? (1 point)

 

9.. Compare and contrast a heart attack and a stroke. (4 points)

 

10. Why might diabetes contribute to heart disease and a myocardial infarction? (2 points)

 

11. Discuss two ways a cardiologist can suggest to help a patient prevent a heart attack with coronary artery disease? (2 points)

 

12. Discuss two surgical procedures a cardiologist/cardiothoracic surgeon could use to help a patient survive after a heart attack or blockage? (4 points)

 

13. How could hyperkalemia cause a heart attack? (4 points)

 

Discuss the anatomy and physiology of the individual in the given scenario.

Be sure to include:

The anatomical changes in movement from the moment of stimuli to initial actions. (5 points)

The immediate physiological changes in response to the stimuli. (5 points)

Discuss 5 systems of the body in detail, how each contributes to allow the physiological changes to work with the physical changes to maintain homeostasis. (25 points)

The changes that occur after the fire has been extinguished and his body returns to a “normal” state. (5 points)

A fireman sleeping overnight in the firehouse is suddenly startled awake to the sound of the emergency siren. He immediately springs into action to get out of bed, get dressed, get his gear ready, to hop on the truck and get ready to put out a fire in a nearby hospital stairwell.

List the functions of the kidneys (including non-urinary system functions)

Introduction

The kidneys are a pair of organs that are located on either side of the spine. They are responsible for producing most of the fluid in your blood, which includes blood plasma and other proteins such as albumin, cholesterol and hormones. The kidneys also remove waste products from the blood by filtering them through urine produced by renal tubules into a ureteric circuit where they exit through another tube called a urethra into another part of the body called an iliac fossa (where it then exits out through another opening called an inguinal canal). From here they travel to their final destination: inside the abdomen where they’ll slowly decompose until nothing is left but calcium phosphate crystals!

Control salt and water balance

The kidneys are responsible for controlling the amount of salt and water in your blood, helping to regulate fluid balance. They also help control the amount of water in your body, as well as regulating the amount of salt in your body.

Regulate blood pressure

The kidneys play a role in regulating blood pressure. In addition to filtering the blood and removing excess salt and water from it, they regulate its volume by adding fluids when needed (such as during exercise or when dehydrated). They also help maintain the balance of salt and water in the body by excreting excess sodium or potassium into their urine.

Remove toxins from the blood

The kidneys remove toxins from the blood by filtering and excreting them.

• Filtering: The kidneys filter waste products from your blood, which is carried through a tube called the renal artery to a section of tissue called you urinary bladder. This is where urine comes from! You can feel this if you have ever had an appointment with your doctor where they have taken some blood from your arm or leg and put it on a piece of paper while they were looking at it under a microscope. The reason why they need to do this is because certain diseases make their way into our bodies through our mouths (like cancer). Because of this, doctors sometimes need to check whether there are any signs that would indicate something might be wrong with someone’s health system before making any decisions about treatment options available for those individuals who may require medical attention due specifically due specifically because they suffer from certain types problems such as heart disease or diabetes mellitus type 2).

Regulate blood flow to the brain, heart and other organs

The kidneys are vital organs that help to regulate blood flow and water balance. They do this by controlling the amount of sodium, chloride and potassium in your body by regulating the excretion of these minerals through urine.

The kidneys also regulate other important processes such as blood pressure, acid/base balance, blood sugar levels and blood clotting time.

Kidneys have many functions including regulation of blood flow to the brain; heart; lungs; gastrointestinal tract (stomach/small intestine); muscles throughout body (including skeletal muscle); skin covering over internal organs including liver & pancreas etc…

Contribute to the removal of old red blood cells

The kidneys are responsible for regulating blood pressure, ensuring that it remains at a level that is appropriate for your body. They also play an important role in blood flow to other organs like the brain and heart. The kidneys remove waste products from the blood, including old red blood cells, which can build up over time if you don’t get rid of them regularly.

Help maintain a normal heartbeat by maintaining the electrical activity in the heart muscle. Kidneys also remove waste products from blood that build up when this system is not working properly.

The kidneys are a pair of organs that help maintain a normal heartbeat by maintaining the electrical activity in the heart muscle. Kidneys also remove waste products from blood that build up when this system is not working properly.

The kidneys filter waste products out of your body’s blood, including protein and water, as well as minerals such as potassium and sodium (which helps regulate water levels) and phosphorous (which helps regulate acidity). They also concentrate chemicals like ammonia and urea that are created during digestion at a rate faster than they can be removed by other organs in your body; these chemicals may cause problems if they accumulate too much over time.

The kidneys are important for many functions other than just producing urine

The kidneys are important for many functions other than just producing urine. They are the main excretory organs of the body, filtering blood and removing waste products from it. They also regulate blood pressure, maintain a normal heartbeat and maintain balance in salt levels in your body.

The kidneys are responsible for maintaining proper production of urine by filtering excess water out of our bloodstreams, which leaves behind only what we need to survive (urine). This process works when you drink fluids or eat foods high in sodium content; this causes more sodium ions to enter your bloodstreams’ cells through their ducts (which connects them with each other), causing them to swell slightly as they absorb these molecules into their own internal storage spaces called vesicles/cysts located inside each glomerulus/glomerular filtrate fractional clearance site within every single nephron segment – there could possibly be millions upon millions here depending on how many times you pass through this particular segment over time.”

Conclusion

The kidneys are important for many functions other than just producing urine. They play a role in regulating blood pressure, removing toxins from the blood and maintaining normal blood flow to the brain, heart and other organs.