Gastrointestinal Tract & The Pathophysiology Of Dosorders DQ 3
Jamie is a 3-month-old female who presents with her mother for evaluation of “throwing up.” Mom reports that Jamie has been throwing up pretty much all the time since she was born. Jamie does not seem to be sick. In fact, she drinks her formula vigorously and often acts hungry. Jamie has normal soft brown bowel movements every day and, overall, seems like a happy and contented baby. She smiles readily and does not cry often. Other than the fact that she often throws up after drinking a bottle, she seems to be a very healthy, happy infant. A more precise history suggests that Jamie does not exactly throw up—she does not heave or act unwell—but rather it just seems that almost every time she drinks a bottle she regurgitates a milky substance. Mom thought that she might be allergic to her formula and switched her to a hypoallergenic formula. It didn’t appear to help at all, and now Mom is very concerned.
Cases like these are not uncommon. The mother was concerned and thinking her daughter may have an allergy; she changed to a different formula. However, sometimes babies have immature GI tracts that can lead to physiology reflux as they adapt to normal life outside the uterus. Parents often do not consider this possibility, prompting them to change formulas rather than seeking medical care. As in the case study above, GI alterations can often be difficult to identify because many cause similar symptoms. This same issue also arises with adults—adults may present with symptoms that have various potential causes. When evaluating patients, it is important for the advanced practice nurse to know the types of questions he or she needs to ask to obtain the appropriate information for diagnosis. For this reason, you must have an understanding of common GI disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and gastritis.
To Prepare
· Review this week’s media presentation on the gastrointestinal system.
· Review Chapter 35 in the Huether and McCance text. Identify the normal pathophysiology of gastric acid stimulation and production.
· Review Chapter 37 in the Huether and McCance text. Consider the pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and gastritis. Think about how these disorders are similar and different.
· Select a patient factor different from the one you selected in this week’s Discussion: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Consider how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of GERD, PUD, and gastritis. Reflect on how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment of these disorders for a patient based on this factor.
· Review the “Mind Maps—Dementia, Endocarditis, and Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)” media in the Week 2 Learning Resources. Use the examples in the media as a guide to construct a mind map for gastritis. Consider the epidemiology and clinical presentation of gastritis. Gastrointestinal Tract & The Pathophysiology Of Dosorders DQ 3
To Complete
Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:
· Describe the normal pathophysiology of gastric acid stimulation and production. Explain the changes that occur to gastric acid stimulation and production with GERD, PUD, and gastritis disorders.
· Explain how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of GERD, PUD, and gastritis. Describe how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment of these disorders for a patient based on the factor you selected.
· Construct a mind map for gastritis. Include the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation, as well as the diagnosis and treatment you explained in your paper.
Assignment 2: The Pathophysiology of Disorders
During the last 5 weeks, you have explored various body systems: neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, and hematological. These four systems work together along with other body systems to complete a myriad of functions. For this reason, when disorders occur within one body system, it can create potentially devastating effects throughout the entire body. For instance, Parkinson’s disease is a disorder of the central nervous system, yet its alterations actually affect multiple body systems from the cardiovascular system to the gastrointestinal system. In this Assignment, you examine alterations associated with disorders, as well as the impact of the alterations on multiple body systems.
To Prepare
· From the list below, select a disorder of interest to you:
o Alzheimer’s disease
o Asthma in children
o Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
o Congestive heart failure
o Hepatic disease (liver disease)
o Hypertension
o Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
o Seizures
o Sepsis
· Identify alterations associated with your selected disorder. Consider the pathophysiology of the alterations. Think about how these alterations produce pathophysiological changes in at least two body systems. Gastrointestinal Tract & The Pathophysiology Of Dosorders DQ 3
· Reflect on how patient factors such as genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, and behavior might impact the pathophysiology of the alterations you identified, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of your selected disorder.
· Review the “Mind maps—Dementia, Endocarditis, and Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)” media in the Week 2 Learning Resources. Use the examples in the media as a guide to construct a mind map for the disorder you selected. Consider the epidemiology and clinical presentation of your selected disorder.
To Complete
Develop a 5- to 10-slide PowerPoint presentation that addresses the following:
· Describe your selected disorder, as well as associated alterations. Explain the pathophysiology of the alterations, including changes that occur in at least two body systems.
· Explain how genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, and behavior might impact the pathophysiology of the alterations you identified, as well as diagnosis and treatment of your selected disorder.
· Construct a mind map for the disorder you selected. Include the epidemiology, pathophysiology of alterations, risk factors, and clinical presentation, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder.
Use resources below
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Chapter 35, “Structure and Function of the Digestive System”
This chapter provides information relating to the structure and function of the digestive system. It covers the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs of digestion.
Chapter 36, “Alterations of Digestive Function”
This chapter presents information relating to disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs of digestion. It also covers the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome.
Chapter 37, “Alterations of Digestive Function in Children”
This chapter presents information relating to disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and liver that affect children. It focuses on congenital impairment, inflammatory disorders, metabolic disorders, as well as the impairment of digestion, absorption, and nutrition.
Hammer, G. D., & McPhee, S. J. (2019). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 13, “Gastrointestinal Disease”
This chapter provides a foundation for exploring gastrointestinal disorders by reviewing the structure and function of the GI tract. It also describes mechanisms of regulation of GI tract disorders such as acid-peptic disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome.
Chapter 14, “Liver Disease”
This chapter reviews the structure and function of the liver. It then explores the clinical presentation, etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, and clinical manifestations of three liver disorders: acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, and cirrhosis.
Chapter 15, “Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas”
This chapter begins by reviewing the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the exocrine pancreas. It then examines the clinical presentation, etiology, pathology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic insufficiency, and pancreatic cancer.
de Bortoli, N., Martinucci, I., Bellini, M., Savarino, E., Savarino, V., Blandizzi, C., & Marchi, S. (2013). Overlap of functional heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease with irritable bowel syndrome. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 19(35), 5787-5797. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i35.5787 Gastrointestinal Tract & The Pathophysiology Of Dosorders DQ 3
The gastrointestinal tract is a complex system of tubes and organs that are part of the body’s digestive system. It begins at the mouth, where food is chewed by teeth and swallowed into the esophagus. The esophagus connects with the stomach, where digestion occurs. The stomach has two main functions: to mix food with enzymes from the pancreas before it enters into small intestine (also called duodenum), so that digestion can begin; and to store bile for later use in breaking down fat molecules in food so they can be absorbed more easily into bloodstreams throughout body
The digestive tract is a complex system of organs that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. The digestive tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum and anus. The duodenum is a little finger-like portion at the upper duodenal bulb.
The gastrointestinal tract is a tube that runs from your mouth to your anus. The digestive tract is divided into two halves by the duodenum, a little finger-like portion at the upper duodenal bulb. The lower half contains:
The digestive tract is divided into two halves by the duodenum, a little finger-like portion at the upper duodenal bulb. The small intestine is further divided into four parts:
The upper digestive tract consists of the mouth, esophagus and stomach. The first part of this digestive system is called the oral cavity or pharynx. It includes a muscular tube that connects your mouth to your esophagus (also known as “the gullet”). From there it continues into your neck where it joins with another tube called the trachea (windpipe). This whole process is known as swallowing food by moving saliva into its stomach via peristalsis (movement).
The second part of your body’s intesive digestion begins with enzymes breaking down food materials in order to produce energy for cells. These enzymes are produced by specialized cells within each tissue such as those found in our mucous membranes–the skin around our eyes; inside our skin; inside our intestines; etc., which act like little factories producing billions upon billions every day!
The large intestine is about 30 feet long in humans, and it’s also called the colon. The small intestine is about 20 feet long. You know, because most of your food goes into there.
Innate immunity is important for the immune system to protect against infection by viruses or bacteria in small intestine after birth. Innate immunity includes physical barriers, chemical barriers, and cellular barriers.
The innate immune system can be divided into three branches: neutrophils (neutrophil accumulation), macrophages (macrophage accumulation), and lymphocytes (lymphocyte accumulation). All three branches of innate immunity are present at birth but are not fully functional until 2-3 weeks postpartum.
The first line of defense against infection involves phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) that carry granules called “phagolysosomes” filled with enzymes such as lysozyme that digest cell walls; these enzymes also cause damage to proteins within the cell membrane structure so they can no longer function properly anymore – this leads to inflammation which causes pain in case someone gets stung by a bee or sting ray during swimming activity
Bacterial infection causes inflammation, which damages the villi cells on small intestine. This results in loss of food absorption and intestinal damage.
The damaged villi cells will cause symptoms such as diarrhea or constipation and may also lead to other diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and Crohn’s disease.
Inflammation of the intestines can be caused by viruses, bacteria and other illnesses.
If you have an illness that is causing inflammation in your intestines, it may be more serious than you think! Inflammation of the intestine starts when immune cells called macrophages release inflammatory chemicals (cytokines) that damage villi cells on small intestine. This causes damage to these structures which makes it difficult for nutrients to reach your body’s cells.
The human body is an amazing machine. We are capable of doing incredible things, but we can also suffer from illnesses and injuries such as ulcers. These diseases can be caused by many factors, including genetics, diet and lifestyle choices like smoking cigarettes or drinking alcohol. If you have an illness that is causing inflammation in your intestines, it may be more serious than you think!
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