Outline Assignment Instructions
Overview:
The Outline must include a thesisstatement, the research questions/issues being addressed, how much space willbe allotted for each section of the paper, and a preliminary reference list ofat least 15 scholarly articles from peer-reviewed journals. All references mustbe less than 10 years old. When the assignment is returned, read all instructorfeedback in order to implement it in your Draft and Final paper.
Instructions:
Whatto consider in the outline:
1. Whatis the topic?
2. Whyis it significant?
3. Whatbackground material is relevant?
4. Whatis my thesis or purpose statement?
5. Whatorganizational plan will best support my purpose?
6. Howmuch space is estimated per section?
*Also consider theelements noted inthe Research ProjectInstructions when completing your Outline.
using these references
General cost inflation inethical drugs
Conti, R. M., Nguyen, K. H., & Rosenthal,M. B. (2018). Generic prescription drug price increases: which products will beaffected by proposed anti-gouging legislation?. Journal ofpharmaceutical policy and practice, 11(1), 1-10.
One of theauthors of this article, Meredith Rosenthal, is a professor in health economicsand policy, making her have vast knowledge in health economics. It waspublished by the Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice, making itreliable. From this article, I will findout the specific drugs whose prices have higher than the other related drugs.The article states, Large price increases for selected generic drugs haveelicited public outrage. I will also evaluate the effectiveness of the recommendationswhich were put forth by this report.
Bollyky, T., & Kesselheim, A. (2017). Candrug importation address high generic drug prices?. Hutchins CenterWorking Papers.
ThomasBollyky is the Director of the Global Health Program and a researcher in Globalhealth and Economics and development. This article was published by HutchinsCenter Working paper, which is a recognized publisher. From this article, Iwill evaluate the role of drug importation on the increasing prices of drugs.From the article, Import is one of the strategies that can be used to addressthe issue of inflation in many fields.” This article will is evaluatingits effectiveness in drug pricing.
Daalen, J. M. J., den Ambtman, A., VanHoudenhoven, M., & van den Bemt, B. J. (2021). Determinants of drug prices:a systematic review of comparison studies. BMJ open, 11(7),e046917.
JanssenDaalen is a PhD holder in clinical neurology. He is also a researcher indisease-modifying treatment, healthcare policy, and education. The article was publishedby BMJ open, making it reliable for use. This article reveals various factorsthat are used to determine the price of various drugs. This will form a vitalpart of my project, making this article relevant. The article states, Fivemodifiable determinants were associated with lower retail prices.
Danzon,P. M. (2018). Differential pricing of pharmaceuticals: theory, evidence andemerging issues. PharmacoEconomics, 36(12), 1395-1405.
Patricia Danson is a professor and anexpert in the economics of the biopharmaceuticals industry, insurance, andhealth. This article is relevant for my project since it will evaluate varioustheories and current trends in pharmaceutical economics. Danson states that “Value-baseddifferential pricing theory incorporates insurance coverage and addressesstatic and dynamic efficiency.
Gronde,T. V. D., Uyl-de Groot, C. A., & Pieters, T. (2017). Addressing thechallenge of high-priced prescription drugs in the era of precision medicine: Asystematic review of drug life cycles, therapeutic drug markets, and regulatoryframeworks. PloS one, 12(8), e0182613.
Toon van der Grande is a GlobalDevelopment Scientist, Director, and researcher. Making him aware of healtheconomics. The article records that Patent reform legislation, referencepricing, outcome-based pricing and incentivizing physicians and pharmacists toprescribe low-cost drugs are among the most promising short-term policyoptions. This article is relevant to my project since it will enable me toidentify some of the measures that should be taken to address the issue of costinflation in ethical drugs.
Hartung,D. M., Bourdette, D. N., Ahmed, S. M., & Whitham, R. H. (2015). The cost ofmultiple sclerosis drugs in the US and the pharmaceutical industry: too big to fail?. Neurology, 84(21),2185-2192.
Daniel Hartung is a professor in publichealth and works in the department of Pharmacoeconomics, while Dennis Bourdetteis a research professor in the department of Neurology. This article isrelevant for my study since it will enable me to evaluate and find out why mostof the cost of sclerosis drugs has gone up. The article indicates.”First-generation DMTs, originally costing $8,000 to $11,000, now cost about$60,000 per year.
Hernandez, I., San-Juan-Rodriguez, A., Good, C.B., & Gellad, W. F. (2020). Changes in list prices, net prices, anddiscounts for branded drugs in the US, 2007-2018. Jama, 323(9),854-862.
InmaculadaHernandez is an associate professor who focuses on carrying out research inhealth economics and clinical issues. This article elaborates on the changes invarious aspects of pricing drugs. the article records, From 2007 to 2018, listprices increased by 159% (95% CI, 137%-181%), or 9.1% per year. It will enableme to evaluate the list prices, net prices, and discounts of different brandsof drugs from 2007 to 2018
Hemphill,T. A. (2010). Extraordinary pricing of orphan drugs: is it a socially responsiblestrategy for the US pharmaceutical industry?. Journal of business ethics, 94(2), 225-242.
Thomas Hemphill, the author of thisJournal, is a professor of strategy, innovation, and public policy, making himwell informed about economic affairs. This Journal is used for business ethics,thus making it valid to be used in research. From this article, I will evaluatethe extraordinariness in pricing the orphan drugs that the Journal reveals tobe getting common. Are extraordinary orphan drug price increases sociallyresponsible behaviour?
Howard,D. H., Bach, P. B., Berndt, E. R., & Conti, R. M. (2015). Pricing in themarket for anti-cancer drugs. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(1),139-62.
David Howard is a health economist and PhDholder in economics and statistics. This article was published by the Journalof economics, making it reliable for usage. The article states, the average launch price of anti-cancerdrugs, adjusted for inflation and health benefits, increased by 10 percentannually This article will beresourceful in my project since it will enable me to identify pricing patternsof different types of cancer drugs and evaluate their pricing trend in thepast.
Kesselheim,A. S., Avorn, J., & Sarpatwari, A. (2016). The high cost of prescriptiondrugs in the United States: origins and prospects for reform. Jama, 316(8),858-871.
Aaron Kasselheim, one of the keycontributors in this article, is a medical professor and a member of pharmacoeconomics,making him well informed about health sector economic affairs. I will use thisreport to identify some of the reasons for an increase in per capita increaseof prescription drugs. The report reveals that In 2013, per capita, spendingon prescription drugs was $858 compared with an average of $400 for 19 otherindustrialized nations.
Mello, M. M., & Riley, T. (2021). ToAddress Drug Affordability, Grab the Low-hanging Fruit. JAMA, 325(16),1599-1600.
MichelleMello is a professor of law and medicine, making her have vast knowledge inmatters of economic health and policy. This article evaluates how to addressdrug affordability, and it is clear it is a bit complex matter that may not beeasily addressed. The article states, “The UPI laws will not solve a keydrug affordability issue.” This article will enable me to evaluate some ofthe attempted measures to address high drug costs.
Prasad,V., De Jess, K., & Mailankody, S. (2017). The high price of anti-cancerdrugs: origins, implications, barriers, solutions. Nature reviews Clinicaloncology, 14(6), 381-390.
Vinay Prasad, a contributor to thisarticle, is a hematologist-oncologist and a health researcher. This article waspublished by Nature reviews Clinical Oncology making it valid for use inresearch. The article states, Not onlyare launch prices high and rising but individual drug prices are oftenescalated during the exclusivity period. This will help me evaluate thepattern of increase in the anti-cancer drugs, which is one of the most vitaldrugs.
Prasad, V., McCabe, C., & Mailankody, S.(2018). Low-value approvals and high prices might incentivize ineffective drugdevelopment. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 15(7),399-400.
Vinay Prasad, a contributor to thisarticle, is a hematologist-oncologist and a health researcher. Nature ReviewsClinical O published it. Thisarticle will enable me to evaluate some of the possible results of high-costinflation of drugs to various users. The report states, We must rethink market incentives toencourage transformational drug development. This is an indication that theimpact is negative.
Rosenberg,M. E., & Rosenberg, S. P. (2016). Changes in retail prices of prescriptiondermatologic drugs from 2009 to 2015. JAMA dermatology, 152(2),158-163.
Miranda Rosenberg is a doctor specializingin skin cancer and one of the key contributors to the ABC News medical unit.This article was published by JAMA Dermatology, making it reliable for useduring other studies. One of the results of this article is that “Pricesof surveyed brand-name drugs increased rapidly between 2009 and 2015. Duringmy research, I will use this article to find out the change in retail pricingof drugs from the year 2009 to 2015. This will help identify the pattern of retailpricing of drugs.
Truong, K., Kwan, Y. L., Nigro, L.,Huseincehajic, A., & Trotman, J. (2019). Retrospective pharmaceuticalfinancial benefits and cost avoidance analysis of clinical trial participationin the Australian hematology setting. Internal medicine journal, 49(9),1092-1098.
Kevin Truong is an engineering researcherin protein-based biosensors and health economics. This article was published bythe Internal medicine journal, making it valid and reliable for use inresearch. I will use this result. The article states, Fourteen agents accrued$6 728576 in cost avoidance.” Fromthis article, I will find out how various pharmaceuticals can avoid some costsof producing some drugs. This will help me in coming up with recommendationsfor my project.
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